Ethical issues in microbiome research and medicine
The human microbiome is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live on and in the human organism’s skin, mucosa, and intestinal tract. Re-examining commonly accepted ethical standards from the perspective of this new area of research provides an opportunity to reassess our current thinking about research regulations as well as the importance of some principles and distinctions. In this commentary, I explain ethical issues illuminated by research on the human microbiome related to personal identity, privacy, property, research ethics, public health, and biobanks.
Keywords:
Microbiome, Ethics, Research ethics, Public health, Biobanks, Privacy, Property
Autoři:
Rosamond Rhodes
Působiště autorů:
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Vyšlo v časopise:
BMC Medicine 2016, 14:156
Kategorie:
Commentary
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0702-7
© 2016 The Author(s).
Open access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-0702-7
Souhrn
The human microbiome is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live on and in the human organism’s skin, mucosa, and intestinal tract. Re-examining commonly accepted ethical standards from the perspective of this new area of research provides an opportunity to reassess our current thinking about research regulations as well as the importance of some principles and distinctions. In this commentary, I explain ethical issues illuminated by research on the human microbiome related to personal identity, privacy, property, research ethics, public health, and biobanks.
Keywords:
Microbiome, Ethics, Research ethics, Public health, Biobanks, Privacy, Property
Zdroje
1. Goodrich JK, Davenport ER, Beaumont M, Bell JT, Clark AG, Ley RE. Genetic determinants of the gut microbiome in UK twins. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(5):731–43.
2. Blandino G, Inturri R, Lazzara F, Di Rosa M, Malaguarnera L. Impact of gut microbiota on diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2016.04.004.
3. Wu H, Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F. Linking microbiota to human diseases: a systems biology perspective. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26:758–70.
4. Gordon JI, Ley RE, Wilson R, Mardis E, Xu J, Fraser C, et al. Extending our view of self: the human gut microbiome initiative. National Human Genome Institute. 2005. https://www.genome.gov/pages/research/sequencing/seqproposals/hgmiseq.pdf.
5. Zimmer C. Our Microbiomes, Ourselves. The New York Times. 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/opinion/sunday/our-microbiomes-ourselves.html?_r=0. Accessed 15 Jun 2016.
6. Conlon MA, Bird AR. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients. 2014;7(1):17–44.
7. Chen J, Li Y, Tian Y, Huang C, Li D, Zhong Q, et al. Interaction between microbes and host intestinal health: Modulation by dietary nutrients and gut-brain-endocrine-immune axis. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2015;16(7):592–603.
8. Bamshad M, Guthery SL. Race, genetics and medicine: does the color of a leopard’s spots matter? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007;19(6):613–9.
9. Francis LP, Jacobson JA, Smith CB, Battin MP. Privacy, confidentiality, or both? ASBH Exchange. 2008;11(2):1,8–9.
10. Skloot R. Taking the Least of You. New York Times Magazine. 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/magazine/taking-the-least-of-you.html. Accessed 15 Jun 2016.
11. Sobel ME, Wolman SR. Ethical considerations in the use of human tissues in research. Cytometry. 1999;38(4):192–3.
12. Faden RR, Beauchamp TL. A History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986.
13. Jonsen AR. The Ethics of Research with Human Subjects: A Short History. In: Jonsen AR, Veatch RM, Walters L, editors. Source Book in Bioethics: A Documentary History. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 1998. p. 5–10.
14. The Nuremberg Code. Mitscherlich A, Mielke F. Doctors of Infamy: The Story of the Nazi Medical Crimes. New York: Schuman; 1949: xxiii-xxv.
15. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki. 2002. http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/. Accessed 15 Jun 2016.
16. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. 1979. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/.
17. CIOMS. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. 1993. http://www.cioms.ch/publications/guidelines/guidelines_nov_2002_blurb.htm.
18. Gray J. Two Faces of Liberalism. Cambridge: Polity Press; 2000.
19. Lee SS. Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics: ethics and social challenges. Per Med. 2005;2(1):29–35.
20. Vazquez ES. Personalized therapy: an interdisciplinary challenge. Per Med. 2004;1(1):127–30.
21. Holford TR, Windermuth A, Ruano G. Personalizing public health. Per Med. 2005;2(3):239–49.
22. Hodge Jr JG, Fuse Brown EC. Exchanging genetic data for public health practice and human subjects research: implications for health practitioners. Per Med. 2005;2(3):259–68.
23. Perlman D. Public health practice vs research: implications for preparedness and disaster research review by State Health Department IRBs. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2008;2(3):185–91.
24. Francis LP, Battin MP, Jacobson JA, Smith CB, Botkin J. How infectious diseases got left out–and what this omission might have meant for bioethics. Bioethics. 2005;19(4):307–22.
25. Smith CB, Battin MP, Jacobson JA, Francis LP, Botkin JR, Asplund EP, et al. Are there characteristics of infectious diseases that raise special ethical issues? Dev World Bioeth. 2004;4(1):1–16.
26. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public Health: Ethical Issues. London; 2007. http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Public-health-ethical-issues.pdf
27. McCarthy CA, Wilke RA, Giampietro PF, Wesbrook SD, Caldwell MD. Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project: design, methods and recruitment for a large population-based biobank. Per Med. 2005;2(1):49–79.
28. Lunshof J. Personalized medicine: how much can we afford? A bioethics perspective. Per Med. 2005;2(1):43–7.
29. Shabo A. The implications of electronic health records for personalized medicine. Per Med. 2005;2(3):251–8.
Článok vyšiel v časopise
BMC Medicine
2016 Číslo 156
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Nejasný stín na plicích – kazuistika
- Masturbační chování žen v ČR − dotazníková studie
- Těžké menstruační krvácení může značit poruchu krevní srážlivosti. Jaký management vyšetření a léčby je v takovém případě vhodný?
- Fixní kombinace paracetamol/kodein nabízí synergické analgetické účinky
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle