Comparison of enhanced recovery protocol with conventional care in patients undergoing urogynecological surgery

Srovnání protokolu zrychleného zotavení s konvenční péčí u pacientů podstupujících urogynekologickou operaci

Cíl: Vliv protokolu zrychlené zotavení po operaci (ERAS) na pooperační výsledky po urogynekologické operaci zatím zůstává předmětem zkoumání. Tato studie se snažila zhodnotit toto téma srovnáním pacientů, kteří měli konvenční nebo ERAS – řízenou perioperační péči, a to u několika klinických endpointů vč. chůze, délky pobytu v nemocnici (LOS), opětovné hospitalizace a pooperačních komplikací. Materiál a metody: Celkem 121 pacientů podstupujících operaci z důvodu prolapsu pánevního orgánu bylo rozděleno do dvou větví studie – protokol ERAS (skupina E) a konvenční péče (skupina C). Mezi skupinami byly porovnány proměnné zahrnující obnovení chuti k jídlu, vyprazdňování, krvácivé příhody, další komplikace, LOS a opětovné hospitalizaci. Výsledky: Pacienti skupiny C dostávali významně intenzivněji intravenózní tekutinovou léčbu ve srovnání se skupinou E (2 760 ± 656 vs. 1 045 ± 218 ml, p < 0,001). Doba potřebná k prvnímu flatusu, první defekaci, požití pevné stravy a chůzi (p < 0,001) byla také delší u první skupiny pacientů. Při použití protokolu ERAS byla významně snížena délka pobytu v nemocnici (2,5 ± 1,1 vs. 2,0 ± 0,6 dne, p < 0,001). Na druhou stranu se obě skupiny ukázaly jako srovnatelné co se týče pooperačních komplikací, včetně infekcí v místě provedení chirurgického výkonu, kardiovaskulárních komplikací, nespecifických bolestí břicha, subileu, krevních ztrát a míry opětovné hospitalizace. Závěr: V námi zkoumané populaci vedl protokol ERAS k časnému zahájení perorálního příjmu, časnému obnovení funkce střev, časné mobilizaci a dřívějšímu propuštění pacientů bez snížení bezpečnosti po urogynekologické operaci.

Klíčová slova:

pooperační komplikace – zrychlené zotavení po operaci – gynekologická operace – prolaps pánevního orgánu – pooperační péče

Authors: G. Yilmaz ¹ ; E. Can ² ; D. O. Omaygenc ³ ; N. Tuten ² ; F. Olmez ² ; H. Kiyak ² ; P. Y. Bahat ² ; A. Akca ² ; Z. Salihoglu ⁴
Authors place of work: Department of Anesthesiology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey ¹; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey ²; Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey ³; Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey ⁴
Published in the journal: Ceska Gynekol 2022; 87(4): 232-238
Category: Pôvodná práca
doi: https://doi.org/10.48095/cccg2022232

Summary

Objective: The impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol on postoperative outcomes after urogynecological surgery is yet to be a matter of investigation. This study sought to evaluate this issue by comparing the patients who had conventional or ERAS--guided perioperative care for several clinical end-points including ambulation, length of hospital stay (LOS), readmissions, and postoperative complications. Materials and methods: A total of 121 patients undergoing pelvic organ prolapse surgery were allocated to two study arms, ERAS protocol (Group E) or conventional care (Group C). Variables reflecting the restoration of appetite and bowel movements, bleeding events, other complications, LOS and readmissions were compared between the groups. Results: The patients in Group C significantly received a more intensive intravenous fluid treatment compared to Group E (2,760 ± 656 vs. 1,045 ± 218 mL, P < 0.001). Time required for first flatus, first defecation, eating solid food, and ambulation (P < 0.001) were also longer in the former group of patients. Moreover, LOS was significantly reduced when the ERAS protocol was applied (2.5 ± 1.1 vs. 2.0 ± 0.6 days, P < 0.001). On the other hand, the two groups were similar with respect to the frequency of the postoperative complications, including surgical site infections, cardiovascular complications, non-specific abdominal pain, sub-ileus, blood loss and readmission rate. Conclusion: In our sample population, ERAS protocol led to early initiation of oral intake, early recovery of bowel function, early mobilization, and early discharge of patients without compromise in safety concerns after urogynecological surgery.

Keywords:

Gynecologic surgery – postoperative complications – pelvic organ prolapse – Enhanced Recovery After Surgery – postoperative care

Introduction

The cardinal strategy in perioperative management had been used to be passive, featuring a “wait and see” protocol, until enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) techniques were firstly introduced in colorectal surgery. While physicians reacted only in response to postoperative adverse event occurrences in the former, perioperative interventions were carried out more proactively in the ERAS algorithm which led to a huge paradigm shift [1].

ERAS, also named the “fast-track” protocol, mainly aims to improve patient satisfaction along with procedure-related advantages such as reduction of complications and duration of hospital stay. ERAS protocol has dedicated preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative measures targeting improved postoperative outcomes. At the preoperative stage, stabilizing the chronic disease symptoms, maintaining the optimal energy expenditure and volume status, and getting prepared for minimally invasive techniques to the utmost are the basic components of the ERAS protocol [2]. In the meantime, providing adequate analgesia, avoiding hypothermia, goal-directed fluid administration and early nutrition, ambulation and removal of surgical instruments are the key features of intraoperative and postoperative ERAS care; respectively [3].

The positive influence of the ERAS protocols on hindering postoperative complications, diminishing the length of stay (LOS) and improving postoperative analgesia and rapid mobilization is well-established for the subjects undergoing urologic, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic surgery [4–7]. However, the evidence concerning the role of ERAS protocol on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing urogynecological surgery is considerably sparse.

Here, we sought to investigate this issue by comparing the patients who had conventional or ERAS-guided perioperative care for several clinical endpoints including ambulation, length of hospital stay, readmissions, and postoperative complications after urogynecological surgery.

Materials and methods

Patient selection

One hundred and twenty-one subjects, out of 128 eligible subjects undergoing urogynecological procedures between April 2019 and December 2019 in our institution, were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, and controlled study. The pathologic states and the surgical procedures performed for treatment were demonstrated in Fig. 1. The study was approved by the local ethical committee (Protocol. 2019-4-92, Date of approval April 2019), hence was per-formed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Exclusion criteria were as follows: emergent surgery, preoperative sepsis, admission to intensive care unit following surgery, reoperation for hernia recurrence, and advanced liver or kidney disease. Seven patients were excluded during the recruitment period by this means (four patients for intensive care unit follow-up and three patients in need of reoperation). The remaining participants were allocated to one of the treatment arms: ERAS care (Group E) or conventional care (Group C) by computer-generated randomization considering a match-up for age and body mass index (BMI) between the groups. The study groups of the subjects were recorded on a card and placed into sealed envelopes by a researcher blinded to the procedural features for being opened during admission for surgery. The flow diagram of the study was displayed in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1. Distribution of the diseases creating the indication for surgery (A), and the procedures performed for treatment
(B) were displayed in pie-charts.<br>
A/P CR – anterior/posterior colporrhaphy, IVS – intravaginal sling, LAVH – laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy,
SSF – sacrospinal fixation, TOT – transobturator tape, VH – vaginal histerectomy<br>
Obr. 1. Rozdělení onemocnění určujících indikaci k operaci (A) a výkonů provedených pro léčbu (B) byly znázorněny
v koláčových grafech.<br>
A/P CR – přední/zadní kolporhapie, IVS – intravaginální závěs, LAVH – laparoskopicky asistovaná vaginální hysterektomie,
SSF – sakrospinální fixace, TOT – antiinkontinenční pásky, VH – vaginální hysterektomie — Fig. 1. Distribution of the diseases creating the indication for surgery (A), and the procedures performed for treatment (B) were displayed in pie-charts.
A/P CR – anterior/posterior colporrhaphy, IVS – intravaginal sling, LAVH – laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, SSF – sacrospinal fixation, TOT – transobturator tape, VH – vaginal histerectomy
Obr. 1. Rozdělení onemocnění určujících indikaci k operaci (A) a výkonů provedených pro léčbu (B) byly znázorněny v koláčových grafech.
A/P CR – přední/zadní kolporhapie, IVS – intravaginální závěs, LAVH – laparoskopicky asistovaná vaginální hysterektomie, SSF – sakrospinální fixace, TOT – antiinkontinenční pásky, VH – vaginální hysterektomie

Fig. 2. Flow diagram of the study protocol – ERAS.<br>
Obr. 2. Vývojový diagram protokolu studie – ERAS. — Fig. 2. Flow diagram of the study protocol – ERAS.
Obr. 2. Vývojový diagram protokolu studie – ERAS.

Features of the treatment arms

Conventional care – the sealed envelopes were opened at the time of admission. The patients assigned to Group C were scheduled for surgery the day after admission. A urinary catheter was placed and cefoperazone (1,000 mg, i.v.) was administered to all participants as a prophylactic antimicrobial agent who was subsequently received general anesthesia. Intravenous fluid infusion (100 mL/hour) was invariably initiated at admission and sustained until first oral intake after the surgery. Postoperative analgesia was achieved with paracetamol (1,000 mg, p. o.), and diclofenac sodium (50 mg, i.v.) was added if necessary.

ERAS protocol – the ERAS group subjects were scheduled for surgery on the day of admission. Our institutional ERAS protocol (in accordance with the recent guidelines) was followed for the patients in Group E (Tab. 1) [8]. The subjects were encouraged to cease smoking and alcohol consumption four weeks prior to surgery. Intravenous iron was supplemented in the subjects with anemia; hematology counseling was reserved for advanced cases. Extended fasting, bowel cleansing, and premedication were avoided in this group. Clear fluids were permitted up to 2 hours prior to anesthesia induction and solids rich in carbohydrates were withdrawn 6 hours before the procedure. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis with cefoperazone (1,000 mg, i.v.) was given 60 minutes before the skin incision, and thromboembolism prophylaxis was performed in selected high-risk patients. Intraoperative normothermia was achieved by warmed intravenous fluids. Short-acting anesthetic agents were used for epidural anesthesia/analgesia [8]. Conservation of surgical instruments (drains, catheters, nasogastric tubes, etc.) and volume and electrolyte overload were strictly avoided in this group. Intravenous paracetamol was administered for postoperative analgesia before the completion of the surgical procedure. Ondansetron was the agent of choice for the management of postoperative nausea. Diclofenac sodium (50 mg, i.v.) was administered for rescue analgesia. Oral intake and ambulation were initiated as early as possible [9].

Recommendations regarding ERAS care.<br>
Tab. 1. Doporučení týkající se péče ERAS. — Tab. 1. Recommendations regarding ERAS care.
Tab. 1. Doporučení týkající se péče ERAS.

Outcome measures

The primary measures compared between treatment arms were surgical or anesthetic complication occurrence, perioperative bleeding, LOS, and readmission rates. The secondary measures were related to postoperative compliance including time to first flatus, defecation, ambulation, and solid food intake.

Statistical analysis

The entire set of data was analyzed by using SPSS for Windows, version 17 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Power calculations based on our pilot study with 20 subjects revealed that (effect size: 0.70, alpha error: 0.5 power: 0.95) 45 subjects should be enrolled at minimum for each group to reach statistical significance [10]. The normal distribution of the variables was studied with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were presented as the mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables as a percentage. The Student t-test was used for parametric comparisons. The Chi-square test was used for distinguishing the groups when it came to categorical variables. Two-sided P ≤ 0.05 was interpreted as statistically significant.

Results

Group E was comprised of 71 patients (mean age 57.5 ± 12 years) and Group C consisted of 50 patients (mean age 54.6 ± 10 years). The two groups were similar with respect to the age (P = 0.168), BMI (P = 0.355), ASA score (P = 0.667), the preoperative diagnosis, and the surgical procedure performed (Tab. 2).

Comparison of the perioperative characteristics of study groups.<br>
Tab. 2. Srovnání perioperačních charakteristik sledovaných skupin. — Tab. 2. Comparison of the perioperative characteristics of study groups.
Tab. 2. Srovnání perioperačních charakteristik sledovaných skupin.

The total volume of fluids infused at the preoperative (1,760 ± 656 vs. 1,045 ± 218 mL, P < 0.001) and postoperative stages (1,840 ± 320 vs. 1,160 ± 230 mL, P < 0.001) was significantly higher in Group C. Time to first flatus (11.5 ± 2.9 vs. 14.4 ± 4.2 hours, P < 0.001), time to first defecation (22.4 ± 6.2 vs. 29.8 ± 6.7 hours, P < 0.001), time to first solid food intake (18.3 ± 4.2 vs. 23.8 ± 6.1 hours, P < 0.001), and time to ambulation (26.1 ± 7.1 vs. 38.4 ± 11.3 hours, P < 0.001) were shorter in the ERAS group (Tab. 3). LOS was also found to be significantly lower in the ERAS protocol as compared to conventional care (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 2.5 ± 1.1 days, P < 0.001).

Comparison of the postoperative measures related to functional recovery.<br>
Tab. 3. Srovnání postoperačních opatření spojených s funkční obnovou. — Tab. 3. Comparison of the postoperative measures related to functional recovery.
Tab. 3. Srovnání postoperačních opatření spojených s funkční obnovou.

The treatment arms were similar concerning the postoperative complications including surgical site infections (14.8 vs. 12.3%, P = 0.758), cardiovascular complications (4.0 vs. 2.8%, P = 0.754), non-specific abdominal pain (12.1 vs. 9.9%, P = 0.770), and sub-ileus (3 vs. 1.4%, P = 0.569). Blood loss (189 ± 56 vs. 197 ± 63 mL, P = 0.411), overall complication rate (26.0 vs. 16.9%, P = 0.258) and readmission rate (2.0 vs. 4.2%, P = 0.639) were also comparable between the groups (Tab. 4).

Comparison of the complication and readmission rates between the study groups.<br>
Tab. 4. Srovnání komplikací a míry opětovné hospitalizace mezi sledovanými skupinami. — Tab. 4. Comparison of the complication and readmission rates between the study groups.
Tab. 4. Srovnání komplikací a míry opětovné hospitalizace mezi sledovanými skupinami.

Discussion

The introduction of multimodal treatment programs, including ERAS protocol, has become one of the most promising advancements in the perioperative care of the patients undergoing surgery. Rapid recovery and shortened hospitalization achieved with the implementation of the ERAS protocol not only leads to increased patient satisfaction but also improves certain postoperative outcomes [11]. Beyond the rapid recovery, ERAS protocol also has been shown to reduce complication rates up to 50% [12,13]. The recent guidelines published by the international ERAS Study group standardized the basics of ERAS care for the subjects scheduled for surgery [8,9].

Surgical metabolic stress and the potential negative impact of interventions performed for rapid restoration of homeostasis might be alleviated with ERAS algorithms with the intention of enhanced and expedited recovery. The surgical distress results in a catabolic state and increased insulin resistance, which further provokes a global metabolic functional alteration paving the way for postoperative complications [14]. ERAS care has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce surgical stress through the abstention of prolonged starvation periods [15].

Maintaining the fluid balance in surgical patients is another cornerstone of ERAS care. The conventional care of surgical patients includes the administration of isotonic saline solutions for the prevention of intra- and postoperative hypotension. However, the results of the recent studies revealed that inelaborate fluid administration might even be deteriorating due to the risk of fluid retention. Hence, goal-directed fluid management strategies are recommended in this population [16]. Restriction of fluid management was shown to reduce the complication rate as compared to the non-selective strategies. Rapid infusion of intravenous solutions was reported to increase perioperative adverse events during colonic resection surgery, particularly if the total amount had exceeded 3,000 mL [13]. Moreover, previous evidence indicates that recovery of the bowel function may be delayed in the subjects receiving non-selective fluid administration [17]. Avoidance of sedative agents prior to surgery and limiting the use of opioids in addition to the utilization of short-acting anesthetics as a part of the ERAS care reduces postoperative nausea and thus allows oral intake within hours following the surgery [18]. ERAS protocol potentiates the benefit of the aforementioned care measure. Thus, the resultant synergistic effect yields to an improved outcome attributed to ERAS protocols.

The efficacy of ERAS care in reducing LOS, complication rate and healthcare costs during gastrointestinal, urologic, and pancreatic surgery has been well-established [19–22]. The changes in outcome variables after implementation of the ERAS protocol have also been studied in gynecologic surgery. Wijk et al reported in their observational study that ERAS care had significantly shortened LOS following abdominal hysterectomy [23]. Similar findings were also mentioned for vaginal surgery of uterovaginal prolapse [24]. ERAS care has also been demonstrated to reduce the amount of intraoperative and total fluid administration in women undergoing surgery for gynecologic cancer [25].

The restoration of bowel function and early ambulation, which are critical for early discharge, had also been significantly improved when ERAS protocols were used. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of Hansen et al revealed that ERAS protocol facilitates early defecation after abdominal hysterectomy [26]. Two studies also reported that ERAS care was associated with early ambulation and early discharge in patients scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy and uterovaginal prolapse surgery [24,26]. Moreover, the improvements achieved with ERAS care in gynecologic surgery were acquired without an increased rate of postoperative complications [3].

The evidence regarding the benefits of ERAS care in major gynecologic surgery is widely acclaimed; however, the data demonstrating the beneficial effect of ERAS protocol in urogynecological surgery is limited [27]. Our findings indicating the association of ERAS care with earlier ambulation, oral intake, defection and discharge as compared to the conventional care in this population might be noteworthy in this sense. Nevertheless, complication and readmission rates were similar between the groups in our study. In other words, ERAS care was associated with rapid recovery, but similar postoperative complication rate with conventional care in the subjects scheduled for urogynecological surgery. The findings of this study are consistent with the previous data exhibiting significant improvement in recovery and hospital stay with ERAS care. With this regard, we suggest that the implementation of ERAS protocol in the subjects scheduled for urogynecological surgery may facilitate recovery and probably reduce healthcare costs.

Implementation of ERAS care requires a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, there was a major limitation in this study about unblinded nursing staff and physicians providing health care.

Conclusion

The findings of this study indicated that ERAS care was associated with early recovery represented with oral intake, return of bowel function, mobilization, and discharge without an increase in complication rate in patients undergoing urogynecological surgery. In this manner, we claim that developing an individual ERAS protocol on the institutional basis in accordance with the relevant guidelines may improve the recovery of the patients scheduled for these procedures.

ORCID numbers

G. Yilmaz 0000-0003-2984-156X

E. Can 0000-0001-7851-4026

D. O. Omaygenc 0000-0003-1037-8915

N. Tuten 0000-0001-8609-4770

F. Olmez 0000-0003-4281-1226

H. Kiyak 0000-0001-7580-9179

P. Y. Bahat 0000-0003-2558-1924

A. Akca 0000-0002-8644-7908

Z. Salihoglu 0000-0002-6905-2664

Submitted/Doručeno: 13. 3. 2022

Accepted/Přijato: 24. 5. 2022

Derya Ozden Omaygenc, MD

Department of Anesthesiology

Istanbul Haseki Training and Research Hospital

Ugur Mumcu Belediye Str. No. 7

34265 Sultangazi/Istanbul

Turkey

drderyaozden@yahoo.com

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