Schisandra chinensis and its phytotherapeutical applications

1. Wong M. La Médecine chinoise par les plantes. Le Corps a Vivre series (1976). Éditions Tchou.

2. Sharamon S., Baginski B. J. Schizandra plod pěti živlů-léčivá roslina s povzbuzujícími účinky pro dobré zdraví. Ikar 2011.

3. Nianhe X., Yuhu L., Saunders R. M. K. Schisandreae. Law Yuwu, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 1996; 30(1), 231–269, 271–273.

4. Szopa, A., Ekiert, R., Ekiert, H. Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (Chinese magnolia vine. as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies. Phytochem. Rev. 2017; 16, 195–218.

5. Opletal L., Křenková M., Havlíčková P. Fytoterapeutické aspekty onemocnění oběhového systému 8. Magnolka čínská (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill) Produkce drogy a jejich hodnocení, léčivé a dietetické přípravky. Česká a slovenská farmacie 2001; 50, 219–224.

6. Valíček P., Horák V. Schizandra čínská. Remedia 1995; 5, 223–226.

7. Opletal L., Křenková M., Havlíčková P. Fytoterapeutické aspekty onemocnění oběhového systému 7. Magnolka čínská (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill) Obsahové látky a jejich biologická aktivita. Česká a slovenská farmacie 2001; 50, 173–180.

8. Hancke J. L., Burgos R. A., Ahumada F. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Fitoterapia 1999; 70, 451–471.

9. Li Z., He X., Wang J., Feng J. A review of polysaccharides from Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera: properties, functions and applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018; 184, 178–190.

10. Lee K. S., Lee B. H., Seong B. J., Kim S. I., Han S. H., Kim G. H., Park S. B., Kim H. H., Choi T. Y. Chemical Components Composition on Different Parts of Fruit in Schisandra chinensis Baillon. J. Korean Food Sci. Nutr. 2016; 45, 851–858.

11. Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Zu, Y., Fu, Y., Wang, W. Composition and biological activities of the essential oil from Schisandra chinensis obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2011; 44, 2047–2052.

12. Xue Y. B., Zhang Y. L., Yang J. H., Du X., Pu J. X., Zhao W., Sun H. D. Nortriterpenoids and lignans from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2010; 58(12), 1606–1611.

13. Huang S. X., Yang J., Huang H., Li L. M., Xiao W. L., Li R. T., Sun H. D. Structural characterization of schintrilactone, a new class of nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis. Org. Lett. 2007; 9(21), 4175–4178.

14. Song Q. Y., Jiang K., Zhao Q. Q., Gao K., Jin X. J., Yao X. J. Eleven new highly oxygenated triterpenoids from the leaves and stems of Schisandra chinensis. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013; 11(7), 1251–1258.

15. Harmatha J., Dinan L. Biological activities of lignans and stilbenoids associated with plant-insect chemical interactions. Phytochem. Rev. 2003; 2, 321–330.

16. Harmatha J.Strukturní bohatství a biologický význam lignanů a jim příbuzných rostlinných fenylpropanoidů. Chem. Listy 2005; 99, 622–632.

17. Balandin D. A. Schizandrin-a new stimulant from Schizandra fruits. In: Lazarev N. V. (ed.) Materials for the Study of Stimulants and Tonics from Ginseng and Schizandra Roots. Vladivostok: Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science 1951; 45–50.

18. Lin C. H., Lin H. W., Wu J. Y., Houng J. Y., Wan H. P., Yang T. Y., Liang M. T. Extraction of lignans from the seed of Schisandra chinensis by supercritical fluid extraction and subsequent separation by supercritical fluid simulated moving bed. J. Supercritic. Fluids 2015; 98, 17–24.

19. Panossian A., Wikman G. Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail. an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 118, 183–212.

20. Lu Y., Chen D. F. Analysis of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera. J. Chromatogr. A 2009; 1216, 1980–1990.

21. Gao J. P. Comparative studies on Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera, Ph.D. Thesis. Shanghai: Fudan University 2003.

22. Nakajima K., Taguchi H., Ikeya Y., Endo T., Yosioka I. The Constituents of Schizandra chinensis BAILL. XIII. Quantitative Analysis of Lignans in the Fruits of Schizandra chinensis BAILL. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Yakugaku Zasshi 1983; 103, 743–749.

23. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, first ed. Beijing: Chinese Med. Scien.Technol. Press 2015.

24. Fil’kin A. M. About Schizandra chinensis (historical-literary information.. Aptechnojje Delo 1952; 2, 46–48.

25. Chun J. N., Cho M., So I., Jeon J. H. The protective effects of Schisandra chinensis fruit extract and its lignans against cardiovascular disease: a review of the molecular mechanisms. Fitoterapia 2014; 97, 224–233.

26. Yuezhong H., Jinwen T., Zhaoguo L. Science of prescriptions. Shanghai: Publishing House of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2002.

27. Mlčoch Z. https://www.bylinkyprovsechny.cz/byliny-kere-stromy/182-schizandra-cinska-magnolka-cinska-ucinky-na-zdravi-pouziti-uzivani-vyuziti-co-leci. Datum citace: 18. 12. 2018.

28. Turova A. D. Medicinal Plants of the USSR and Their Use. 2^nd ed. Moscow: Meditsina Publishing House 1974; 29–34.

29. Turova A. D., Sapozhnikova E. N. Medicinal Plants of the USSR and their Use. 3^rd ed. Moscow: Meditsina Publishing House 1982, 31–33.

30. Panossian A., Wikman G. Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress protective activity. Pharmaceuticals 2010; 3, 188–224.

31. Avery G. The research on the health and athletic benefit adaptogens. Peak Running Perfomance 1995; 5, 3–7.

32. Farutina M. V. Clinical investigation of tonic effects of pantocrine, and Ginseng and Schizandra tinctures. In: Lazarev N. V. (ed.) Materials for the Study of Stimulants and Tonics from Ginseng Roots and Schizandra. Vladivostok: Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science 1951; 131–136.

33. Galant I. B., Kuznetsova A. I., Suvorina N. A., Shikhova S. S., Gutschina I. S. Experience in using Schizandra chinensis in psychiatric practise. In: Abstract Book of the Conference on Clinical Development and Therapy of Mental Diseases and Organization of Psychoneurological Assistance 1957. Ministry of Health of USSR, Moscow; 112–113.

34. Romas R. S. About the effect of Schizandra chinensis on higher brain structures of schizophrenia patients and chronic alcoholics. PhD Thesis. Vinnitsa, USSR: Faculty of Medicine, Pirogov’s Medical Institute 1967; 1–19.

35. Romas R. S. Effect of Schizandra chinensis on reactivity of patients to some drugs. Vopr. Psykhonevrol. 1962; 30, 435–440.

36. Panossian A., Oganessian A., Ambartsumian M., Gabrielian E., Wagner H., Wikman G. Effects of heavy physical exercise and adaptogens on nitric oxide content in human saliva. Phytomedicine 1999; 6, 17–26.

37. Lebedev A. A. The effect of Schisandra seed tincture on morbidity rate among workers of Chirick shoe factory during the 1969 influenza epidemic.In: Brekhman I. I., Fruentov N. K. (eds.) Medicinal Products of the Far East. Far East Branch of the USSR Academy of Science. Khabarovsk: Medical Institute 1970; 115–119.

38. Konoplev O. I. Combined use of Schizandra chinensis and decaris in the treatment of chronic sinusitis.1989. In: Proceedings of the 7^th Congress of Otorhinolaringologists of Ukraine, Ministry of Health of Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, May 26–27, 1989; 227–228.

39. Rokhlin N. N. Schizandra chinensis effect on the function of acoustic and vestibular analyzers under normal conditions and in cases of pathology. In: Belikov I. F., Brekhman I. I., Bykov V. T., Lazarev N. V., Serebryannik B. E., Sorokhtin G. N. (eds.) Materials for the Study of Ginseng and Schizandra Roots. Leningrad: Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science 1958; 181–183.

40. Pavlushchenko E. V. Pneumonia in aged and old people in conditions of the monsoon climate of the southern Primorskij region. In: Bulanov A. E., Dardimov I. V., Li S. E. (eds.) New Data on Eleutherococcus and other Adaptogens. Vladivostok: Far East Branch of the USSR Academy of Science, Institue of Marin Biology 1981; 119–122.

41. Amitina R. Z., Vodianova I. I. Schizandra chinensis effect on the stomach secretion. In: Belikov I. F., Brekhman I. I., Bykov V. T., Lazarev N. V., Serebryannik B. E., Sorokhtin G. N. (eds.) Materials for the Study of Ginseng and Schizandra Roots. Leningrad: Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science 1958; 184–186.

42. Lapajev I. I. The experience of treating patients with chronic gastritis using the Far East Schizandra. Clin. Med. 1958; 34, 109–112.

43. Eglit N. Y., Zhukova V. V., Kuznetsova V. F., Kravchenko A. N. About the stimulating effect of Schizandra chinensis and its use under physical loads. In: Materials of Scientific Meetings of Khar’kov Scientific Medical Society Zdirovya. Kiev 1965; 829–830.

44. Lupandin A. V. The use of adaptogens in sports. Modern problems of sport medicine. In: Proceedings of the 24^th All-Union Conference on Sport Medicine. Moscow: Ministry of Health of USSR 1990; 56–61.

45. Karo V. I. The ergographic study of Schizandra stimulating effect. Scientific Papers of 3^rd Year Students of the Naval Medical School 1945; 3, 30–33.

46. Lazarev N. V. Experimental data for the evaluation of the Far East Schizandra as a stimulant. In: Proceedings of the scientific medical board at the administration of medical-sanitary department of the USSR navy. Leningrad: Military Press of the Ministry of Armed Forces of USSR 1946; 1. 5. 17, 62–69.

47. Lupandin A. V., Lapajev I. I. Schizandra. In: Konovalov (ed.). Khabarovsk: Khabarovskoye Knizhnoye Izdatelstvo 1981; 127.

48. Andrejev I., Georgijev V. Ergographic study of Schizandra chinensis stimulating effect. In: Petkov V. V. (ed.) The study of Gin Seng and Schizandra chinensis in Bulgaria. Sophia: Bulgarian Academy of Science 1958; 78–82.

49. Negoda V. I., Dogadova L. P., Syromyatnikova T. Y. The effect of adaptogens on visual fatigue ability of operators. In: Abstract Book of the International Symposium on Nutrition of the 21^st Century, Medical and Biological Aspects,Ways of Optimization: 7–9 October 1999. Vladivostok: Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science 1999; 187–188.

50. Berdyshev V. V. Some specific effects od single doses of adaptogens. In: Valeology : Diagnosis, Means and Practise in Health care, Breckman II (ed.). Int. Collection Scien. Papers 2. Vladivostok, Dalnauka 1995; 105–117.

51. Lapajev I. I. Schizandra and its Curative Properties, 3^rd ed. Khabarovsk: Khabarovskoye Knizhnoye Izdatelstvo 1998; 48.

52. Lupandin A. V., Lapajev I. I. Schizandra. In: Konovalov P. F. (ed.). Khabarovsk: Khabarovskoye Knizhnoye Izdatelstvo 1981; 1–89.

53. Gubchenko P. P., Fruentov N. K. A comparative study of effectiveness of Eleutherococcus and other plant adaptogens as agents for enhancing the working capacity of the flying personnel. In: Brekhman I. I., Dardimov I. V., Li S. E., Dobryakova A. I. (eds.) New Data on Eleutherococcus: Proceedings of the 2^nd International Symposium on Eleutherococcus (Moscow 1984). Vladivostok: Far East Centre of Academy of Science of the USSR 1984; 171–178.

54. Kormosh N., Laktionov K., Antoshechkina M. Effect of a combination of extracts fromseveral plants on cell-mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Phytotherapy Res. 2006; 120, 424–425.

55. Lupandin A. V. Schisandra chinensis seed effect on the development of the skin thermal reaction induced by local application of phenol in man. In: Brekhman I. I., Golikov P. P., Grinevich M. A., Dardimov I. V., Oranskaya A. N. (eds.) Eleutherococcus and other Adaptogens from Far East Plants. Materials of Studies of Ginseng and other Herbal Preparations of the Far East. Far East Branch of the Academy of Science of USSR. Vladivostok: Vladivostok Book Publishing 1966; 271–274.

56. Trusov M. S. The effect of Far East Schizandra chinensis on some visual functions. Voyenno-Medotsinskij Zhurnal 1953; 10, 57–62.

57. Farnsworth N. R., Akerele O., Bingel A. S., Soejarto D. D., Guo Z. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull. WHO 1985; 63, 965.

58. Szołomicki S., Samochowiec L., Wójcicki J., Droździk M. The influence of active components of Eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular defence and physical fitness in man. Phytother. Res. 2000; 14, 30–35.

59. Panossian A., Wagner H. Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single dose administration. Phytotherapy Res. 2005; 19, 819–838.

60. Lebedev A. A. Schizandra. Tashkent: Meditsina Publishing House of USSR 1971.

61. Bodis S., Haregewoin A. Evidence for the release and possible neural regulation of nitric oxide in human saliva. Biochem. Biophysic. Res. Commun. 1993; 194, 347–350.

62. Persson M. G., Wiklund N. P., Gustafsson L. E. Endogenous nitric oxide in single exhalations and the chazige during exercise. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 148, 1210–1214.

63. Iwamoto J., Pendergast D. R., Suzuki H., Krasney J. A. Effect of graded exercise on nitric oxide in expired air in humans. Respir. Physiol. 1994; 97, 333–345.

64. Chirpaz-Oddou M. F., Favre-Juvin A., Flore P., Eterradossi J., Delaire M., Grimbert F., Therminarias A. Nitric oxide response in exhaled air during an incremental exhaustive exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 1997; 82, 1311–1318.

65. Maroun M. J., Mehta S., Turcotte R., Cosio M. G., Hussain S. N. Effect of physical conditioning on endogenous nitric oxide output during exercise. Appl. Physiol. 1995; 79, 1219–1225.

66. Panossian A., Hambardzumyan M., Hovhanissyan A., Wikman G. The adaptogens Rhodiola and Schizandra modify the response to immobilization stress in rabbits by suppressing the increase of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide and cortisol. Drug Target Insights 2007; 2, 39–54.

67. Panossian A., Wikman G., Kaur P., Asea A. Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones. Phytomedicine 2009; 16, 617–622.

68. Olsson E. M. G., von Schéele B., Panossian A. G. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled parallel group study of SHR-5 extract of Rhodiola rosea roots as treatment for patients with stress related fatigue. Planta Med. 2009; 75, 105–112.

69. Aslanyan G., Amroyan E., Gabrielyan E., Nylander M., Wikman G., Panossian A. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study of single dose effects of ADAPT-232 on cognitive functions. Phytomedicine 2010; 17, 494–499.

70. Bogatova R. I., Shlykova L. V., Sal’nitskiĭ, V. P., Vikman G. Evaluation of the effect of a single dose of phytoadaptogen on human’s working ability during long-term isolation. Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina 1997; 31, 51–54.

71. Narimanian M., Badalyan M., Panosyan V., Gabrielyan E., Panossian A., Wikman G., Wagner H. Impact of Chisan^® (ADAPT-232. on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia. Phytomedicine 2005; 12, 723–729.

72. Leman M. F. Treatment of reactive and asthenic states of exogenous etiology using the Far East Schizandra. J. Neuropathol. Psych. 1952; 52, 67–70.

73. Sudakov V. N., Savinykh A. B., Agapov Y. K. The role of adaptogens in the psychoprophylaxis of patients with borderline states of exogenous organic genesis. In: Goldsberg E. D., ed. Modern problems of pharmacology and search for new medicines. Vol 2. Tomsk: Tomsk State University Press 1986; 61–64.

74. Zuzanova V. I., Bakhtina Z. D. Dysentery treatment in children using Schizandra chinensis. Pediatria 1954; 3, 62–65.

75. Pelishenko G. P. A clinical study of Schizandra chinensis on treating patients with acute gastric and intestinal diseases. Medicinal Products of the Soviet Far East. Vladivostok: Far East Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 1972; 149–151.

76. Golysheva M. A., Iroshnikova Y. S., Ado V. A. Phytotherapy of patients with allergic dermatoses. Vestnik Dermatologii i Venerologii 1991; 12, 24–30.

77. Walter V. G. Preliminary data on the treatment of slowly granulating wounds and trophic ulcers using Schizandra chinensis. Trans­actions of the Khabarovsk Medical Institute 1955; 14, 124–128.

78. Walter V. G. Schizandra chinensis in a complex therapy of non-healingwounds and trophic ulcers. Dissertation for a Degree in Medicine. Khabarovsk: Khabarovsk Medical University 1956; 16.

79. Gaistruk A. N., Taranovskij K. L. The treatment of arterial hypotension in pregnant women using Schizandra chinensis. In: Urgent Problems of Obstetics and Gynecology. Lvov: Ministry of Health of Ukrainian SSR 1968; 183–186.

80. Agejenko A. S., Komissarenko B. T. Schizandra and its Therapeutic Administration. Sakhalinsk Book Press, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 1960; 38.

81. Balandin D. A. Fatty oil from Schizandra seeds. Doclady Academii Nauk SSSR 1940; 26, 592–594.

82. Pereslegin N. V. About the essence of Schizandra chinensis effect. Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya 1944; 7, 11–13.

83. Varlakov M. N. On the stimulating effect of Schizandra chinensis. Pharmacia 1944; 6, 31–34.

84. Senov P. I. Materials on pharmacological and chemical analysis of some medicinal formulations produced from different parts of Schizandra chinensis. Aptechnoje Delo 1952; 3, 5–8.

85. Tikhonova K. G. The use of Schizandra chinensis cultivated in the Ukraine. In: Abstract Book of the Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacological Conference. Lvov: Ministry of Health of Ukrainian SSR 1957; 76–77.

86. Park E. J., Chun J. N., Kim S. H., Kim C. Y., Lee H. J., Kim H. K., Jeon J. H. Schisandrin B suppresses TGFβ1 signaling by inhibiting Smad2/3 and MAPK pathways. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012; 83, 378–384.

87. Chun J. N., Kim S. Y., Park E. J., Kwon E. J., Bae D. J., Kim I. S., So I. Schisandrin B suppresses TGFβ1-induced stress fiber formation by inhibiting myosin light chain phosphorylation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 152, 364–371.

88. Chen P., Pang S., Yang N., Meng H., Liu J., Zhou N., Tao Z. Beneficial effects of schisandrin B on the cardiac function in mice model of myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2013; 8, e79418.

89. Chiu P. Y., Luk K. F., Leung H. Y., Ng K. M., Ko K. M. Schisandrin B stereoisomers protect against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and inhibit associated changes in Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial membrane potential in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Life Sci. 2008; 82, 1092–1101.

90. Yim T. K., Ko K. M. Schisandrin B protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing myocardial glutathione antioxidant status. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1999; 1–2, 151–156.

91. Chiu P. Y., Ko K. M. Schisandrin B protects myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury partly by inducing Hsp25 and Hsp70 expression in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2004; 266, 134–144.

92. Ko K. M., Chiu P. Y. Structural determinants of schisandrin B which enhance mitochondrial functional ability and glutathione status as well as heat shock protein expression in rat hearts and H9c2 cells. Mol. Pharm. Biochem. 2005; 276, 227–234.

93. Chen N. A., Ko M. Schisandrin B-induced glutathione antioxidant response and cardioprotection are mediated by reactive oxidant species production in rat hearts. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2010; 33, 825–829.

94. Chen N., Chiu P. Y., Ko K. M. Schisandrin B enhances cerebral mitochondrial antioxidant status and structural integrity, and protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008; 31, 1387–1391.

95. Wang B., Wang X. M. Schisandrin B protects rat cortical neurons against Aβ1–42-induced neurotoxicity. Pharmazie 2009; 64, 450–454.

96. Giridharan V. V., Thandavarayan R. A., Bhilwade H. N., Ko K. M., Watanabe K., Konishi T. Schisandrin B, attenuates cisplatin-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity through modulating NF-κB pathway in mice. Free Rad. Res. 2012; 46, 50–60.

97. Xu L., Grandi N., Del Vecchio C., Mandas D., Corona A., Piano D., Tramontano E. From the traditional Chinese medicine plant Schisandra chinensis new scaffolds effective on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistant to non-nucleoside inhibitors. J. Microbiol. 2015; 53, 288–293.

98. Casarin E., Dall’Acqua S., Šmejkal K., Šlapetová T., Innocenti G., Carrara M. Molecular mechanisms of antiproliferative effects induced by Schisandra-derived dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (+.-deoxyschisandrin and (−.-gomisin N in human tumour cell lines. Fitoterapia 2014; 98, 241–247.

99. Wang X., Hu D., Zhang L., Lian G., Zhao S., Wang C., Yang J. Gomisin A inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in N9 microglia via blocking the NF-κB/MAPKs pathway. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2014; 63, 119–127.

100. Song F., Zeng K., Liao L., Yu Q., Tu P., Wang X. Schizandrin A inhibits microglia-mediated neuroninflammation through inhibiting TRAF6-NF-κB and Jak2-Stat3 signaling pathways. PloS One 2016; 11, e0149991.

101. Geist B. Psychologický slovník, 2. vydání. Praha: Vodnář 2000.

102. Wiegant F. A., Surinova S., Ytsma E., Langelaar-Makkinje M., Wikman G., Post J. A. Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans. Biogerontology 2009; 10, 27–42.

103. Samuel S. M., Thirunavukkarasu M., Penumathsa S. V., Paul D., Maulik N. Akt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008; 56, 9692–9698.

104. Varlakov M. N. On the stimulating effect of Schizandra chinensis. Pharmacia 1944; 6, 31–34.

105. Lee S., Kim D. H., Jung J. W., Oh J. H., Park H. J., Park C., Ryu J. H. Schizandra chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis counter stress behaviors in mice. Phytother Res. 2007; 21, 1187–1192.

106. Ip S. P., Poom M. K. T., Wu S. S., Che C. T., Ng K. H., Kong Y. C., Ko K. M. Effect of schisandrin B on hepatic glutathione antioxidant system in mice: protection against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Planta Med. 1995; 61, 398–401.

107. Jung K. Y., Lee I. S., Oh S. R., Kim D. S., Lee H. K. Lignans with platelet activating factor antagonist activity from Schizandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Phytomedicine 1997; 4, 229–231.

108. Ohkura Y., Mizoguchi Y., Morisawa S., Takeda S., Aburada M., Hosoya E. Effect of gomisin A (TJN-101. on arachidonic acid cascade in macrophages.Japanese J. Pharmacol. 1990; 52, 331–336.

109. Wang J. P., Raung S. L., Hsu M. F., Chen C. C. Inhibition by gomisin C (a lignan from Schizandra chinensis) of the respiratory burst of rat neutrophils. British J. Pharmacol. 1990; 113, 945–953.

110. Lu H., Liu G. T. Anti-oxidant activity of dibenzocyclooctene lignans isolated from Schisandraceae. Planta Med. 2007; 58.04, 311–313.

111. Wang C., Xu Y. Q. Dimethyl bicarboxylate in the treatment of viral hepatitis, adjuvant or curative? Gastroenterol. Res. 2008; 1, 2–7.

112. Kiso Y., Tohkin M., Hikino H., Ikeya Y., Taguchi H. Mechanism of antihepatotoxic activity of wuweizisu C and gomisin A. Planta Med. 1985; 51, 331–334.

113. Chiu P. Y., Tang M. H., Mak D. H., Poon M. K., Ko K. M. Hepatoprotective mechanism of schisandrin B: role of mitochondrial glutathione antioxidant status and heat shock proteins. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2003; 35, 368–380.

114. Pan S. Y., Dong H., Zhao X. Y., Xiang C. J., Fang H. Y., Fong W. F., Ko K. M. Schisandrin B from Schisandra chinensis reduces hepatic lipid contents in hypercholesterolaemic mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2008; 60, 399–403.

115. Kwan H. Y., Niu X., Dai W., Tong T., Chao X., Su T., Yu H. Lipidomic-based investigation into the regulatory effect of Schisandrin B on palmitic acid level in non-alcoholic steatotic livers. Sci. Rep. 2015; 5, 9114.

116. Xie J. X., Zhou J., Zhang C. Z., Yang J. H., Jin H. Q., Chen J. X. Synthesis of schizandrin C analogs. II. Synthesis of dimethyl-4, 4‘-dimethoxy-5, 6, 5‘, 6‘-dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2‘-dicar­boxylate and its isomers (author’s transl). Yao xue xue bao= Acta Pharm. Sin. 1982; 17.1, 23.

117. Li X. Y. Bioactivity of neolignans from fructus Schizandrae. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86, 31–37.

118. Ip S. P., Yiu H. Y., Ko K. M. Differential effect of schisandrin B and dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate (DDB) on hepatic mitochondrial glutathione redox status in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated mice. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2000; 205, 111–114.

119. Li X. J., Zhao B. L., Liu G. T., Xin W. J. Scavenging effects on active oxygen radicals by schizandrins with different structures and configurations. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 1990; 9, 99–104.

120. Zhang T. M., Wang B. E., Liu G. T. Effect of schisandrin B on lipoperoxidative damage to plasma membrane of rat liver in vitro. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 1992; 13, 255–258.

121. Kim S. N., Kim S. Y., Yim H. K., Lee W. Y., Ham K. S., Kim S. K., Kim Y. C. Effect of dimethyl-4,4‘-dimethoxy-5,6,5‘,6‘- dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2‘-dicarboxylate (DDB. on chemical-induced liver injury. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1999; 22.1, 93–95.

122. Fu T., Liu G. Protective effects of dimethyl-4,4‘-dimethoxy-5,6,5‘,6‘-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2‘-dicarboxylate on damages of isolated rat hepatocytes induced by carbon tetrachloride and D-galactosamine. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1992; 5, 185–194.

123. Huber R., Hockenjos B., Blum H. E. DDB treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 39, 1732–1733.

124. Joo S. S., Won T. J., Kim M. J., Hwang K. W., Lee D. I. Interferon signal transduction of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate/amantadine and anti-HBV activity in HepG2 2.2.15. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2006; 29, 405–411.

125. Matsuzaki Y., Matsuzaki T., Takeda S., Koguchi S., Ikeya Y., Mitsuhashi H., Oyama T. Studies on the metabolic fate of gomisin A (TJN-101). I. Absorption in rats. Yakugaku zasshi. J. Pharmaceutic. Society Japan 1991; 111, 524–530.

126. Kim S. H., Kim Y. S., Kang S. S., Bae K., Hung T. M., Lee S. M. Anti-apoptotic and hepatoprotective effects of gomisin A on fulminant hepatic failure induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in mice. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2008; 106, 225–233.

127. Shin S. S., Jung Y. S., Yoon K. H., Choi S., Hong Y., Park D., Yoon M. The Korean traditional medicine Gyeongshingangjeehwan inhibits adipocyte hypertrophy and visceral adipose tissue accumulation by activating PPARα actions in rat white adipose tissues. J. Ethopharmacol. 2010; 127, 47–54.

128. Lee M. H., Kwon H. A., Kwon D. Y., Park H., Sohn D. H., Kim Y. C., Lee J. H. Antibacterial activity of medicinal herb extract against Salmonella. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2006; 111, 270–275.

129. Hakala E., Hanski L., Uvell H., Yrjönen T., Vuorela H., Elofsson M., Vuorela P. M. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra spp. selectively inhibit the growth of the intracellular bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis. J. Antibiot. 2015; 68, 609–614.

130. Yim T. K., Ko K. M. Methylenedioxy group and cyclooctadiene ring as structural determinants of schisandrin in protecting against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999; 57, 77–81.

131. Bai X., Park I. B., Hwang H. J., Mah J. H. The ability of Schisandra chinensis fruit to inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria and the viability and heat resistance of Bacillus cereus spores. Int. J. Food Sci. 2015; 50, 2193–2200.

132. Lu Y. H., Liang X. H., Wei D. Z., Wang Z. T. Activity of Schisandrin C Isolated from Schisandra chinensis against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Pharm. Biol. 2008; 46, 906–913.

133. Lee H. K., Dat N. T., Lee M. S., Kim J. W., Na D. S., Kim Y. H. Lignans with inhibitory activity against NFAT transcription from Schisandra chinensis. Planta Med. 2003; 69, 63–64.

134. Lehne G. P-glycoprotein as a drug target in the treatment of multidrug resistant cancer. Curr. Drug Targets 2000; 1, 85–99.

135. Ficková D., Vlček J., Topinková E. Role P-glykoproteinového transportu v klinicky významných lékových interakcích. Remedia 2002; 3, 207–213.

136. Qiangrong P., Wang T., Lu Q., Hu X. Schisandrin B-a novel inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005; 335, 406–411.

137. Guo L. Y., Hung T. M., Bae K. H., Shin E. M., Zou H. Y., Hong Y. N, Kim Y. S. Anti-inflammatory effects of schisandrin isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis Baill. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008; 591, 293–299.

138. Tang M., Zhang X., Shi Y., Wang D., Gu Y., Li S., Wang C. Protection of seven dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis against serum and glucose deprivation injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Cell Biol. Int. 2015; 9, 1418–1424.

139. Zhu H., Zhang L., Wang G., He Z., Zhao Y., Xu Y., Zhang L. Sedative and hypnotic effects of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction from Schisandra chinensis in mice. J. Food Drug Anal. 2016; 24, 831–838.

140. Li N., Liu J., Wang M., Yu Z., Zhu K., Gao J., Li H. Sedative and hypnotic effects of Schisandrin B through increasing GABA/Glu ratio and upregulating the expression of GABA A in mice and rats. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018; 103, 509–516.

141. Zhao J., Sun T., Wu J. J., Cao Y. F., Fang Z. Z., Sun H. Z., Yin J. Inhibition of human CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes by gomisin C and gomisin G, two lignan analogs derived from Schisandra chinensis. Fitoterapia 2017; 119, 26–31.

142. Fugh‐Berman A., Ernst E. Herb-drug interactions: review and assessment of report reliability. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2001; 52, 587–595.

143. Li W. L., Xin H. W., Yu A. R., Wu X. C. In vivo effect of Schisandrin B on cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Phytomedicine 2013; 20, 760–765.

144. Xin H. W., Wu X. C., Li Q., Yu A. R., Xiong L. Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009; 67, 541–546.

145. Mu Y., Zhang J., Zhang S., Zhou H. H., Toma D., Ren S., Xie W. Traditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2006; 316, 1369–1377.

146. Makino T., Mizuno F., Mizukami H. Does a kampo medicine containing Schisandra fruit affect pharmacokinetics of nifedipine like grapefruit juice? Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006; 29, 2065–2069.

147. Iwata H., Tezuka Y., Kadota S., Hiratsuka A., Watabe T. Identification and characterization of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors in Schisandra fruit extract. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2004; 32, 1351–1358.

148. Balch P. A. Prescription for herbal healing: A practical A-Z reference to drug free remedies using herbs and herbal preparation. Avery Health Guides 2003; 121–122.

149. Chi A., Zhang Y., Kang Y., Shen Z. Metabolic mechanism of a polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis to relieve chronic fatigue syndrome. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016; 93, 322–332.

150. Wang Y., Meng X. Effect of ultrasonic treatment on antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from mature fruits of Schisandra chinensis. Food Sci. 2016; 37, 66–70.

151. Chen S. H., Chen H. X., Wang Z. S., Tian J. G., Wang J. Structural characterization and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from two Schisandra fruits. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2013; 237, 691–701.

152. Chi A., Zhang Y., Kang Y., Shen Z. Metabolic mechanism of a polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis to relieve chronic fatigue syndrome. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016; 93, 322–332.

153. Zhao T., Feng Y., Li J., Mao R., Zou Y., Feng W., Wu X. Schisandra polysaccharide evokes immunomodulatory activity through TLR 4-mediated activation of macrophages. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2014; 65, 33–40.

154. Lee S. J., Rim H. K., Jung J. Y., An H. J., Shin J. S., Cho C. W., Lee K. T. Immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides from Cheonggukjang. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013; 59, 476–484.

155. Kim H. S., Kim Y. J., Lee H. K., Ryu H. S., Kim J. S., Yoon M. J., Han S. B. Activation of macrophages by polysaccharide isolated from Paecilomyces cicadae through toll-like receptor 4. Food Chemic. Toxicol. 2012; 50.9, 3190–3197.

156. Wang J., Zuo G., Li J., Guan T., Li C., Jiang R., Chen D. Induction of tumoricidal activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages by ginseng polysaccharide. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010; 46, 389–395.

157. Zhao T., Mao G., Mao R., Zou Y., Zheng D., Feng W., Chen Y. Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble low molecular weight polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013; 55, 609–616.

158. Jin D., Zhao T., Feng W. W., Mao G. H., Zou Y., Wang W., Wu X. Y. Schisandra polysaccharide increased glucose consumption by up-regulating the expression of GLUT-4. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016; 87, 555–562.

159. Zhao T., Mao G. H., Zhang M., Li F., Zou Y., Zhou Y., Wu X. Y. Anti-diabetic effects of polysaccharides from ethanol-insoluble residue of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.. Baill on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Chem. Res. Chinese Universities 2012; 29, 99–102.

160. Xu C. L., Li Y. H., Dong M., Wu X., Wang X. C., Xiao Y. S. Inhibitory effect of Schisandra chinensis leaf polysaccharide against L5178Y lymphoma. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012; 88, 21–25.

161. Zhong S., Liu X. D., Nie Y. C., Gan Z. Y., Yang L. Q., Huang C. Q., Zhong N. S. Antitussive activity of the Schisandra chinensis fruit polysaccharide (SCFP-1) in guinea pigs models). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016; 194, 378–385.