Claims about the Misuse of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: Are These Evidence-Based?

1. LengelerC 2004 Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363

2. GambleCLEkwaruJPter KuileFO 2009 Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 1 51

3. NoorAMMoloneyGBorleMFeganGWShewchukT 2008 The use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural South Central Somalia. PLoS ONE 3 e2081 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002081

4. TerlouwDJMorgahKWolkonADareADorkenooA 2010 Impact of mass distribution of free long-lasting insecticidal nets on childhood malaria morbidity: the Togo National Integrated Child Health Campaign. Malar J 9 199

5. FeganGWNoorAMAkhwaleWSCousensSSnowRW 2007 Effect of expanded insecticide-treated bednet coverage on child survival in rural Kenya: a longitudinal study. Lancet 370 1035 1039

6. KleinschmidtISchwabeCBenaventeLTorrezMRidlFC 2009 Marked increase in child survival after four years of intensive malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80 882 888

7. ShawS 2 May 2010 In Africa, anti-malaria mosquito nets go unused by recipients. Los Angeles Times Available: http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/02/opinion/la-oe-shah-20100502. Accessed 7 March 2011

8. OdekeA 6 November 2002 Love bug craze hits uganda. BBC News. World Edition ed London BBC Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2406825.stm. Accessed 7 March 2011

9. DonnellyJ 8 June 2006 US-funded program fights against malaria in Tanzania. Boston Globe Available [subscription required]: http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2006/06/08/us_funded_program_fights_against_malaria_in_tanzania/. Accessed 7 March 2011

10. ZuluW 14 November 2007 Zambia: malaria claims over 50,000 lives yearly in the average. African Press International Oslo API/APN Available: http://africanpress.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/zambia-malaria-claims-over-50000-lives-yearly-in-the-average/. Accessed 7 March 2011

11. KasungamiG 2005 State, cheifs join effort in the fight against malaria. Times of Zambia. Online edition Ndola Times Printpak Limited Available: http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=8&id=1181648751. Accessed 7 March 2011

12. LusakaTimes.com 2008 Zambia: don't use mosquito nets to catch fish. Lusaka Times Lusaka LusakaTimes.com Available: http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/04/25/don%E2%80%99t-use-mosquito-nets-to-catch-fish/

13. ButunyiCOlooE 2008 Alarm as residents turn mosquito nets into fishing gear. The Daily Nation Nairobi Nation Media Group http://www.nation.co.ke/News/regional/-/1070/498840/-/item/1/-/qanexj/-/index.html

14. FofanahM 30 November 2010 Sierra Leone: (Misused) key to malaria prevention. Inter Press Service New Agency Rome Inter Press Service New Agency http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53707. Accessed 7 March 2011

15. MubaliL 3 May 2010 Refugees misuse mosquito nets. The Citizen Fayetteville Fayette Publishing, Inc http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/4-national-news/1685-refugees-misuse-mosquito-nets.html

16. SanniT 9 September 2010 Nigeria: Malaria - saving pregnant women and children. AllAfricacom Lagos AllAfrica Global Media http://allafrica.com/stories/201009100421.html

17. EiseleTPKeatingJLittrellMLarsenDMacintyreK 2009 Assessment of insecticide-treated bednet use among children and pregnant women across 15 countries using standardized national surveys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80 209 214

18. MinakawaNDidaGOSonyeGOFutamiKKanekoS 2008 Unforeseen misuses of bed nets in fishing villages along Lake Victoria. Malar J 7 165

19. BaumeCReithingerRWoldehannaS 2009 Factors associated with use and non-use of mosquito nets owned in Oromia and Amhara Regional States, Ethiopia. Malar J 8 264

20. FlaxmanADFullmanNOttenMWJrMenonMCibulskisRE 2010 Rapid scaling up of insecticide-treated bed net coverage in Africa and its relationship with development assistance for health: a systematic synthesis of supply, distribution, and household survey data. PLoS Med 7 e1000328 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000328

21. KorenrompELMillerJCibulskisREKabir ChamMAlnwickD 2003 Monitoring mosquito net coverage for malaria control in Africa: possession vs. use by children under 5 years. Trop Med Int Health 8 693 703

22. HightowerAKiptuiRManyaAWolkonAVanden EngJ 2010 Bed net ownership in Kenya: the impact of 3.4 million free bed nets. Malar J 9 183

23. ThwingJHochbergNEngJVIssifiSEliadesMJ 2008 Insecticide-treated net ownership and usage in Niger after a nationwide integrated campaign. Trop Med Int Health 13 827 834

24. HawleyWAPhillips-HowardPAter KuileFOTerlouwDJVululeJM 2003 Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 121 127

25. GimnigJEVululeJMLoTQKamauLKolczakMS 2003 Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 16 22

26. KeatingJMillerJMBennettAMoongaHBEiseleTP 2009 Plasmodium falciparum parasite infection prevalence from a household survey in Zambia using microscopy and a rapid diagnostic test: implications for monitoring and evaluation. Acta Trop 112 277 282

27. ShirayamaYPhompidaSKuroiwaCMiyoshiMOkumuraJ 2007 Maintenance behaviour and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) previously introduced into Bourapar district, Khammouane province, Lao PDR. Public Health 121 122 129

28. GrabowskyMNobiyaTSelanikioJ 2007 Sustained high coverage of insecticide-treated bednets through combined Catch-up and Keep-up strategies. Trop Med Int Health 12 815 822

29. LengelerCdeSavignyD 2007 Programme diversity is key to the success of insecticide-treated bednets. Lancet 370 1009 1010

30. EiseleTPSteketeeRW 2009 Distribution of insecticide treated nets in rural Africa. BMJ 339 b1598-

31. GreenwoodBMPickeringH 1993 A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, west Africa. 1. A review of the epidemiology and control of malaria in The Gambia, west Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 Suppl 2 3 11

32. LindsaySWGibsonME 1988 Bednets revisited- old idea, new angle. Parasitol Today 4 270 272

33. NoorAMAminAAAkhwaleWSSnowRW 2007 Increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in insecticide-treated bed net use among rural Kenyan children. PLoS Med 4 e255 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040255

34. GrabowskyMNobiyaTAhunMDonnaRLengorM 2005 Distributing insecticide-treated bednets during measles vaccination: a low-cost means of achieving high and equitable coverage. Bull World Health Organ 83 195 201

35. BeerNAliASde SavignyDAl-MafazyAWRamsanM 2010 System effectiveness of a targeted free mass distribution of long lasting insecticidal nets in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Malar J 9 173

36. TamiAMubyaziGTalbertAMshindaHDuchonS 2004 Evaluation of Olyset insecticide-treated nets distributed seven years previously in Tanzania. Malar J 3 19

37. Vanden EngJThwingJWolkonAKulkarniMManyaA 2010 Assessing bed net use and non-use after long-lasting insecticidal net distribution: a simple framework to guide programmatic strategies. Malar J 9 133

38. Macedo de OliveiraAWolkonAKrishnamurthyRErskineMCrenshawD 2010 Ownership and usage of insecticide-treated bed nets after free distribution via a voucher system in two provinces of Mozambique. Malar J 9 222

39. Zambian Ministry of Health 2008 Zambia National Malaria Indicator Survey 2008 Lusaka Zambian Ministry of Health

40. Zambian Ministry of Health 2010 Zambia National Malaria Indicator Survey 2010 Lusaka Zambian Ministry of Health