#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Seasonal Pulses of Marburg Virus Circulation in Juvenile Bats Coincide with Periods of Increased Risk of Human Infection


Marburg virus (family Filoviridae) causes sporadic outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Bats have been implicated as likely natural reservoir hosts based most recently on an investigation of cases among miners infected in 2007 at the Kitaka mine, Uganda, which contained a large population of Marburg virus-infected Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats. Described here is an ecologic investigation of Python Cave, Uganda, where an American and a Dutch tourist acquired Marburg virus infection in December 2007 and July 2008. More than 40,000 R. aegyptiacus were found in the cave and were the sole bat species present. Between August 2008 and November 2009, 1,622 bats were captured and tested for Marburg virus. Q-RT-PCR analysis of bat liver/spleen tissues indicated ∼2.5% of the bats were actively infected, seven of which yielded Marburg virus isolates. Moreover, Q-RT-PCR-positive lung, kidney, colon and reproductive tissues were found, consistent with potential for oral, urine, fecal or sexual transmission. The combined data for R. aegyptiacus tested from Python Cave and Kitaka mine indicate low level horizontal transmission throughout the year. However, Q-RT-PCR data show distinct pulses of virus infection in older juvenile bats (∼six months of age) that temporarily coincide with the peak twice-yearly birthing seasons. Retrospective analysis of historical human infections suspected to have been the result of discrete spillover events directly from nature found 83% (54/65) events occurred during these seasonal pulses in virus circulation, perhaps demonstrating periods of increased risk of human infection. The discovery of two tags at Python Cave from bats marked at Kitaka mine, together with the close genetic linkages evident between viruses detected in geographically distant locations, are consistent with R. aegyptiacus bats existing as a large meta-population with associated virus circulation over broad geographic ranges. These findings provide a basis for developing Marburg hemorrhagic fever risk reduction strategies.


Vyšlo v časopise: Seasonal Pulses of Marburg Virus Circulation in Juvenile Bats Coincide with Periods of Increased Risk of Human Infection. PLoS Pathog 8(10): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002877
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002877

Souhrn

Marburg virus (family Filoviridae) causes sporadic outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Bats have been implicated as likely natural reservoir hosts based most recently on an investigation of cases among miners infected in 2007 at the Kitaka mine, Uganda, which contained a large population of Marburg virus-infected Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats. Described here is an ecologic investigation of Python Cave, Uganda, where an American and a Dutch tourist acquired Marburg virus infection in December 2007 and July 2008. More than 40,000 R. aegyptiacus were found in the cave and were the sole bat species present. Between August 2008 and November 2009, 1,622 bats were captured and tested for Marburg virus. Q-RT-PCR analysis of bat liver/spleen tissues indicated ∼2.5% of the bats were actively infected, seven of which yielded Marburg virus isolates. Moreover, Q-RT-PCR-positive lung, kidney, colon and reproductive tissues were found, consistent with potential for oral, urine, fecal or sexual transmission. The combined data for R. aegyptiacus tested from Python Cave and Kitaka mine indicate low level horizontal transmission throughout the year. However, Q-RT-PCR data show distinct pulses of virus infection in older juvenile bats (∼six months of age) that temporarily coincide with the peak twice-yearly birthing seasons. Retrospective analysis of historical human infections suspected to have been the result of discrete spillover events directly from nature found 83% (54/65) events occurred during these seasonal pulses in virus circulation, perhaps demonstrating periods of increased risk of human infection. The discovery of two tags at Python Cave from bats marked at Kitaka mine, together with the close genetic linkages evident between viruses detected in geographically distant locations, are consistent with R. aegyptiacus bats existing as a large meta-population with associated virus circulation over broad geographic ranges. These findings provide a basis for developing Marburg hemorrhagic fever risk reduction strategies.


Zdroje

1. MartiniGA, KnauffHG, SchmidtHA, MayerG, BaltzerG (1968) A hitherto unknown infectious disease contracted from monkeys. “Marburg-virus” disease. Ger Med Mon 13: 457–470.

2. SiegertR, ShuHL, SlenczkaHL, PetersD, MullerG (1968) The aetiology of an unknown human infection transmitted by monkeys (preliminary communication). Ger Med Mon 13: 1–2.

3. Wilson, D E. and Reeder, D M. (2005) Mammal species of the world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2142 p.

4. LubyJP, SandersCV (1969) Green monkey disease (“Marburg virus” disease): a new zoonosis. Ann Intern Med 71: 657–660.

5. ConradJL, IsaacsonM, SmithEB, WulffH, CreesM, GeldenhuysP, JohnstonJ (1978) Epidemologic Investigation of Marburg Virus Disease, Southern Africa, 1975. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 1210–1215.

6. BauschDG, NicholST, Muyembe-TamfumJJ, BorchertM, RollinPE, et al. (2006) Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus. N Engl J Med 355: 909–919.

7. SwanepoelR, SmitSB, RollinPE, FormentyP, LemanPA, et al. (2007) Studies of reservoir hosts for Marburg virus. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1847–1851.

8. TownerJS, KhristovaML, SealyTK, VincentMJ, EricksonBR, et al. (2006) Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola. J Virol 80: 6497–6516.

9. TownerJS, PourrutX, AlbarinoCG, NkogueCN, BirdBH, et al. (2007) Marburg virus infection detected in a common African bat. PLoS One 2: e764.

10. TownerJS, AmmanBR, SealyTK, CarrollSA, ComerJA, et al. (2009) Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000536.

11. TimenA, KoopmansMP, VossenAC, van DoornumGJ, GuntherS, et al. (2009) Response to imported case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever, the Netherland. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1171–1175.

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009) Imported case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever – Colorado, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 1377–1381.

13. KwiecinskiGG, GriffithsTA (1999) Rousettus egyptaicus (aegyptaicus). Mammalian Species No. 611 1–9.

14. RodriguezLL, DeRA, GuimardY, TrappierSG, SanchezA, et al. (1999) Persistence and genetic stability of Ebola virus during the outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 179 Suppl 1: S170–S176.

15. RoweAK, BertolliJ, KhanAS, MukunuR, Muyembe-TamfumJJ, et al. (1999) Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit. J Infect Dis 179 Suppl 1: S28–S35.

16. ZakiSR, ShiehWJ, GreerPW, GoldsmithCS, FerebeeT, et al. (1999) A novel immunohistochemical assay for the detection of Ebola virus in skin: implications for diagnosis, spread, and surveillance of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit. J Infect Dis 179 Suppl 1: S36–S47.

17. MartiniGA, SchmidtHA (1968) [Spermatogenic transmission of the “Marburg virus”. (Causes of “Marburg simian disease”)]. Klin Wochenschr 46: 398–400.

18. JacobsenNHG, Du PlessisE (1976) Observations on the ecology and biology of the Cape fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi in the Eastern Transvaal. S Afr J Sci 72: 270–273.

19. SlenczkaW, KlenkHD (2007) Forty years of marburg virus. J Infect Dis 196 Suppl 2: S131–S135.

20. MutereFA (1968) The breeding biology of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy living at o degrees 22'S. Acta Trop 25: 97–108.

21. American Veterinary Medical Association (2007) AVMA Guidlines on Euthanasia (Formerly Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia).

22. National Research Council (1996) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 220 p.

23. Towner JS, Amman BR, Nichol ST (2011) Significant zoonotic diseases identified in bats: Filoviruses. In: Investigating the Role of Bats in Emerging Zoonoses. Newman SH, Field HE, de Jong CE, Epstein JH, editors. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. pp. 123–135.

24. BergmansW (1989) Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Beaufortia 39: 89–152.

25. TownerJS, SealyTK, KsiazekTG, NicholST (2007) High-throughput molecular detection of hemorrhagic fever virus threats with applications for outbreak settings. J Infect Dis 196 Suppl 2: S205–S212.

26. KsiazekTG, WestCP, RollinPE, JahrlingPB, PetersCJ (1999) ELISA for the detection of antibodies to Ebola viruses. J Infect Dis 179: S192–S198.

27. ZakiS, SheihW, GreerPW, GoldsmithCS, FerebeeT, et al. (1999) A novel immunohistochemical assay for the detection of Ebola virus in skin: Implications for diagnosis, spread, and surveillance of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 179: S36–S47.

28. GaltierN, GouyM, GautierC (1996) SEAVIEW and PHYLO_WIN: two graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny. Comput Appl Biosci 12: 543–548.

29. KatohK, KumaK, TohH, MiyataT (2005) MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. Nucleic Acids Res 33: 511–518.

30. RonquistF, HuelsenbeckJP (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.

31. GearJSS, CasselGA, GearAJ, TrapplerB, ClausenL, et al. (1975) Outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Johannesburg. Brit Med J 4 489–493.

32. SmithDH, JohnsonBK, IsaacsonM, SwanapoelR, JohnsonKM, et al. (1982) Marburg-virus disease in Kenya. Lancet 1: 816–820.

33. JohnsonED, JohnsonBK, SilversteinD, TukeiP, GeisbertTW, et al. (1996) Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya. Arch Virol Suppl 11: 101–114.

34. AdjemianJ, FarnonEC, TschiokoF, WamalaJF, ByaruhangaE, et al. (2011) Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever among miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007. J Infect Dis 204 Suppl 3: S796–S799.

Štítky
Hygiena a epidemiológia Infekčné lekárstvo Laboratórium

Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS Pathogens


2012 Číslo 10
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#