Abdominal obesity

Česká verzia

Authors: P. Sucharda
Authors place of work: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 1. lékařská fakulta, III. interní klinika VFN
Published in the journal: Ceska Gynekol 2010; 75(1): 120-124
Category: Editorials

Summary

The examination of fat tissue distribution has considerably refined the relationship between obesity and the overall and cardiovascular mortality. The identification of the abdominal (central) obesity by the waist circumference measurement is easy accessible and should become the obligatory part of any physical examination. Abdominal (central) obesity is a mandatory component for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome, and represents major risk factor of cardiovascular mortality.

Key words:
abdominal obesity, central obesity, waist circumference, visceral fat, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance.

Zdroje

1. Krotkiewski M, BjŅrntorp P, Sjöström L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 1150–1162.

2. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Banting Lecture 1988. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–1607.

3. Vague J. La diffférenciacion sexuelle, facteur déterminant des formes de l’obésité. Presse Med 1947; 30: 339–340.

4. Vague J. The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1956; 4: 20–34.

5. Ashwell M, Cole TJ, Dixon AK. Obesity: new insight into the anthropometric classification of fat distribution shown by computed tomography. Br Med J 1985; 290: 1692–1694.

6. Lean ME, Han TS, Morrison CE. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. Brit Med J 1995; 311: 158–161.

7. Han TS, van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean ME. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. Brit Med J 1995; 311: 1401–1405.

8. World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization 1999.

9. Sebo P, Beer-Borst S, Haller DM, Bovier PA. Reliability of doctors’ anthropometric measurements to detect obesity. Prev Med 2008; 47: 389–393.

10. Ross R, Berentzen T, Bradshaw AJ, Janssen I, Kahn HS, Katzmarzyk PT, Kuk JL, Seidell JC, Snijder MB, SŅrensen TI, Després JP. Does the relationship between waist circumference, morbidity and mortality depend on measurement protocol for waist circumference? Obes Rev 2008; 9: 312–325.

11. Han TS, Seidell JC, Currall JE, Morrison CE, Deurenberg P, Lean ME. The influences of height and age on waist circumference as an index of adiposity in adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 83–89.

12. Han TS, McNeill G, Seidell JC, Lean ME. Predicting intra-abdominal fatness from anthropometric measures: the influence of stature. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 587–593.

13. Armellini F, Zamboni M, Rigo L, Bergamo-Andreis IA, Robbi R, De Marchi M, Bosello O. Sonography detection of small intra-abdominal fat variations. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1991; 15: 847–852.

14. Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Hirai Y, et al. Abdominal wall fat index, estimated by ultrasonography, for assessment of the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. Am J Med. 1993; 95: 309–314.

15. Tadokoro N, Murano S, Nishide T, Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Murayama H, Morisaki N, Saito Y. Preperitoneal fat thickness determined by ultrasonography is correlated with coronary stenosis and lipid disorders in non-obese male subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 502–507.

16. Liu KH, Chan YL, Chan WB, Kong WL, Kong MO, Chan JC. Sonographic measurement of mesenteric fat thickness is a good correlate with cardiovascular risk factors: comparison with subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat thickness, magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometric indexes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 1267–1273.

17. Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PH, Burke V. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as predictors of adipose tissue compartments in men. Q J Med 2003; 96: 441–447.

18. Kim SK, Kim HJ, Hur KY, Choi SH, Ahn CW, Lim SK, Kim KR, Lee HC, Huh KB, Cha BS. Visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography can estimate not only visceral obesity but also risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 593–599.

19. Liu KH, Chan YL, Chan WB, Chan JC, Chu CW. Mesenteric fat thickness is an independent determinant of metabolic syndrome and identifies subjects with increased carotid intima–media thickness. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 379–384.

20. Kim SK, Park SW, Kim SH, Cha BS, Lee HC, Cho YW. Visceral fat amount is associated with carotid atherosclerosis even in type 2 diabetic men with a normal waist circumference. Int J Obes 2009; 33: 131–135.

21. Brennan DD, Whelan PF, Robinson K, Ghita O, O’Brien JM, Sadleir R, Eustace SJ. Rapid automated measurement of body fat distribution from whole-body MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 418–423.

22. Han TS, Gates E, Truscott E, Lean ME. Clothing size as an indicator of adiposity, ischaemic heart disease and cardiovascular risks. J Hum Nutr Diet 2005; 18: 423–430.

23. Lee K, Lee S, Kim YJ, Kim YJ. Waist circumference, dual-energy X-ray absortiometrically measured abdominal adiposity, and computed tomographically derived intra-abdominal fat area on detecting metabolic risk factors in obese women. Nutrition 2008; 24: 625–631.

24. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1097–1105.

25. Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, et al. Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet 2006; 368: 666–678.

26. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Després JP, Bassand JP, Fox KA, Smith SC Jr, Barter P, Tan CE, Van Gaal L, Wittchen HU, Massien C, Haffner SM. International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): a study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation 2007; 116: 1942–1951.

27. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation 2008; 117: 1658–1667.

28. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Bergmann M, Schulze MB, Overvad K, van der Schouw YT, Spencer E, Moons KG, TjŅnneland A, Halkjaer J, Jensen MK, Stegger J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Chajes V, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, Peeters PH, May AM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJ, Hallmans G, Weinehall L, Manjer J, Hedblad B, Lund E, Agudo A, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Martinez C, Quirós JR, Key T, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Boffetta P, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Riboli E. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2105–2120.

29. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1514–1520.

30. BjŅrntorp P. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 1992; 24: 465–468.

31. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.

32. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome – a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 469–480.

33. St-Onge MP, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Metabolic syndrome in normal-weight Americans. New definition of the metabolically obese, normal weight individual. Diab Care 2004; 27: 2322–2228.

34. Després JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 1039–1049.

35. Phillips LK, Prins JB. The link between abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008; 10: 156–164.

36. Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adolescents using the definition from the International Diabetes Federation. Diab Care 2008; 31: 587–589.

37. Dukát A, Lietava J, Krahulec B, Caprnda M, Vacula I, Sirotiaková J, Kosmálová V, Minárik P; IDEA Slovakia. Prevalencia abdominálnej obezity na Slovensku. Studie IDEA Slovakia. Vnitř Lék 2007; 53: 326–330.

38. HŅjgaard B, Olsen KR, SŅgaard J, SŅrensen TIA, Gyrd-Hansen D. Economic costs of abdominal obesity. Obes Facts 2008; 1: 146–154.

39. Després JP, Arsenault BJ, Côté M, Cartier A, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity: the cholesterol of the 21st century? Can J Cardiol 2008; 24(Suppl D): 7D–12D.

40. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Carnes BA, Brody J, Hayflick L, Butler RN, Allison DB, Ludwig DS. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1138–1145.