HIV infection – History, Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Authors:
M. Salavec 1; V. Boštíková 2
; P. Boštík 3,4
Authors place of work:
Katedra dermatovenerologie, LF UK Hradec Králové, Klinika nemocí kožních a pohlavních, FN Hradec Králové, přednosta doc. MUDr. Karel Ettler, CSc.
1; Katedra epidemiologie, Fakulta vojenského zdravotnictví, Univerzity obrany, Hradec Králové, vedoucí doc. MUDr. Roman Chlíbek, Ph. D.
2; Centrum pokročilých studií, Fakulta vojenského zdravotnictví Univerzity obrany, Hradec Králové, náčelník doc. MUDr. Pavel Boštík, Ph. D.
3; Klinika infekčních nemocí, LF UK a FN Hradec Králové, přednosta MUDr. Stanislav Plíšek, Ph. D.
4
Published in the journal:
Čes-slov Derm, 86, 2011, No. 2, p. 67-81
Category:
Reviews (Continuing Medical Education)
Summary
In spite of principal efforts of physicians and researchers HIV infection remains a worldwide problem for 30 years since first cases discovery. It presents a versatile difficult problem – pathogenesis, therapy incl. possible vaccination procedures. Untreated HIV infection is a multisystemic and progressive disease resulting in almost all cases in death of patient due to immune system failure. The disease(s) principle, i.e. infection attacking immune system and leading to its gradual elimination is critical for all therapeutic efforts particularly by the fact that one can only restrictively rely on organism natural immune mechanisms at time of positive response to therapy. The current progress in therapeutic approaches changes disease features in developed countries at the same time – the rate of treated patients with “classical” course of disease as described in this article is decreased and rare manifestations presented previously in a limited way due to short survival rates of infected patients could be manifested more frequently in the contrary. This article reviews basic data and facts on HIV infection pathogenesis as presents an overview of systemic symptoms associated with AIDS with impact on skin involvement and course of other skin disorders. However this review describes only the most important specifications to understand such topic which is very extensive in every aspect. To understand further details readers are referred to other specialized literature related to HIV-AIDS.
Key words:
HIV infection – pathogenesis – clinical manifestations
Zdroje
1. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992, 41, p. 1–19.
2. ALTER, G., MOODY, M. A. The humoral response to HIV-1: new insights, renewed focus. J. Infect. Dis., 2010, 202, Suppl 2, p. S315–322.
3. ANSARI, A. A., ONLAMOON, N., BOSTIK, P., MAYNE, A. E., GARGANO, L., PATTANAPANYASAT, K. Lessons learnt from studies of the immune characterization of naturally SIV infected sooty mangabeys. Front. Biosci., 2003, 8, p. 1030–1050.
4. BARRE-SINOUSSI, F., CHERMANN, J. C., REY, F. et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science, 1983, 220, p. 868–871.
5. BELZ, J., BRENEMAN, D. L., NORDLUND, J. J., SOLINGER, A. Successful treatment of a patient with Reiter’s syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome using etretinate. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1989, 20, 5, p. 898–903.
6. BERRY, C. D., HOOTON, T. M., COLLIER, A. C., LUKEHART, S. A. Neurologic relapse after benzathine penicillin therapy for secondary syphilis in a patient with HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 1987, 316, 25, p. 1587–1589.
7. BLANKSON, J. N., PERSAUD, D., SILICIANO, R. F. The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection. Annu. Rev. Med., 2002, 53, p. 557–593.
8. BOSTIK, P., DODD, G. L., ANSARI, A. A. CD4+ T cell signaling in the natural SIV host – implications for disease pathogenesis. Front. Biosci., 2003, 8, p. 904–912.
9. BOSTIK, P., VILLINGER, F., BRICE, G. T. et al. Expression and in vitro evaluation of rhesus macaque wild type (wt) and modified CC chemokines. J. Med. Primatol., 1998, 27, 2–3, p. 113–120.
10. BRENCHLEY, J. M., SCHACKER, T. W., RUFF, L. E. et al. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exp. Med., 2004, 200, 6, p. 749–759.
11. BUCHBINDER, S. P., KATZ, M. H., HESSOL, N. A. et al. Herpes zoster and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 1992, 166, 5, p. 1153–1156.
12. BUCHBINDER, S. P., MEHROTRA, D. V., DUERR, A. et al. Efficacy assessment of a cell-mediated immunity HIV-1 vaccine (the Step Study): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, test-of-concept trial. Lancet, 2008, 372, p. 1881–1893.
13. Centers for Disease C. Recommendations for diagnosing and treating syphilis in HIV-infected patients. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.), 1988, 37, 39, p. 600–602, 607–608.
14. COFFIN, J., HAASE, A., LEVY, J. A.et al. Human immunodeficiency viruses. Science, 1986, 232, p. 697.
15. COHEN, P. R., GROSSMAN, M. E. Clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus-associated disseminated herpes zoster virus infection – a review of the literature. Clin. Exp. Dermatos., 1989, 14, 4, p. 273–276.
16. COLEBUNDERS, R., MANN, J. M., FRANCIS, H. et al. Herpes zoster in African patients: a clinical predictor of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 1988, 157, 2, p. 314–318.
17. DRAGIC, T., LITWIN, V., ALLAWAY, G. P. et al. HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature, 1996, 381, p. 667–673.
18. DUVIC, M., JOHNSON, T. M., RAPINI, R. P., FREESE, T., BREWTON, G., RIOS, A. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated psoriasis and Reiter’s syndrome. Arch. Dermatol., 1987, 123, 12, p. 1622–1632.
19. DUVIC, M., RIOS, A., BREWTON, G. W. Remission of AIDS-associated psoriasis with zidovudine. Lancet, 1987, 2, p. 627.
20. EISENSTAT, B. A., WORMSER, G. P. Seborrheic dermatitis and butterfly rash in AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med., 1984, 311, p. 189.
21. FARGION, S., PIPERNO, A., CAPPELLINI, M. D. et al. Hepatitis C virus and porphyria cutanea tarda: evidence of a strong association. Hematology, 1992, 16, 6, p. 1322–1326.
22 FRAZER, I. H., MEDLEY, G., CRAPPER, R. M., BROWN, T. C., MACKAY, I. R. Association between anorectal dysplasia, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual men. Lancet, 1986, 2, p. 657–660.
23. FUNKHOUSER, M. E., OMOHUNDRO, C., ROSS, A., BERGER, T. G. Management of scabies in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. Arch. Dermatol., 1993, 129, 7, p. 911–913.
24. GAL, A. A., MEYER, P. R., TAYLOR, C. R. Papillomavirus antigens in anorectal condyloma and carcinoma in homosexual men. JAMA, 1987, 257, 3, p. 337–340.
25. GALLO, R., WONG-STAAL, F., MONTAGNIER, L., HASELTINE, W. A., YOSHIDA, M. HIV/HTLV gene nomenclature. Nature, 1988, 333, p. 504.
26. GAYLE, H. An overview of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a focus on the United States. AIDS, 2000, 14, Suppl 2, S8–17.
27. GEIJTENBEEK, T. B., KWON, D. S., TORENSMA, R. et al. DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells. Cell, 2000, 100, 5, p. 587–597.
28. GLOVER, A., YOUNG, L., GOLTZ, A. W. Norwegian scabies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of a case resulting in death from associated sepsis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1987, 16, 2, p. 396–399.
29. GOODMAN, D. S., TEPLITZ, E. D., WISHNER, A., KLEIN, R. S., BURK, P. G., HERSHENBAUM, E. Prevalence of cutaneous disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1987, 17, 2, p. 210–220.
30. GREENBERG, R. G., BERGER, T. G. Nail and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation with azidothymidine therapy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1990, 22, 2, p. 327–330.
31. HAHN, B. H., SHAW, G. M., DE COCK, K. M., SHARP, P. M. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science, 2000, 287, p. 607–614.
32. HARE, C. B. Clinical overview of HIV disease. 2009.
33. HICKS, C. B., BENSON, P. M., LUPTON, G. P., TRAMONT, E. C. Seronegative secondary syphilis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with Kaposi sarcoma. A diagnostic dilemma. Ann. Intern. Med., 1987, 107, 4, p. 492–495.
34. HOGAN, D., CARD, R. T., GHADIALLY, R., McSHEFFREY, J. B., LANE, P. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and porphyria cutanea tarda. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1989, 20, 1, p. 17–20.
35. HU, D. J., DONDERO, T. J., RAYFIELD, M. A. et al. The emerging genetic diversity of HIV. The importance of global surveillance for diagnostics, research, and prevention. JAMA, 1996, 275, 3, p. 210–216.
36. JACOBSON, M. A., BERGER, T. G., FIKRIG, S. et al. Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus infection after chronic oral acyclovir therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann. Intern. Med., 1990, 112, 3, p. 187–191.
37. KAPLAN, M. H., SADICK, N., McNUTT, N. S., MELTZER, M., SARNGADHARAN, M. G., PAHWA, S. Dermatologic findings and manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1987, 16, 3, p. 485–506.
38. Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men – New York City and California. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep), 1981, 30, 25, p. 305–308.
39. KEELE, B. F., GIORGI, E. E., SALAZAR-GONZALEZ, J. F. et al. Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, 105, 21, p. 7552–7557.
40. KEELE, B. F., VAN HEUVERSWYN, F., LI, Y. et al. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science, 2006, 313, p. 523–526.
41. KODET, O., LACINA, L., BENÁKOVÁ, N., VELČEVSKÝ, P., ŠTORK, J. Klinický případ: svědivé papulovezikuly na nohou. Čes-slov Derm, 85, 2010, 1, s. 33–36.
42. LE GALL, S., ERDTMANN, L., BENICHOU, S. et al. Nef interacts with the mu subunit of clathrin adaptor complexes and reveals a cryptic sorting signal in MHC I molecules. Imunity, 1998, 8, 4, p. 483–495.
43. LEMLICH, G., SCHWAM, L., LEBWOHL, M. Kaposi’s sarcoma and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Postmortem findings in twenty-four cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1987, 2, p. 319–325.
44. LETVIN, N. L., EATON, K. A., ALDRICH, W. R. et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, 80, 9, p. 2718–2722.
45. LINNEMANN, C. C., JR., BIRON, K. K., HOPPENJANS, W. G., SOLINGER, A.M. Emergence of acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus in an AIDS patient on prolonged acyclovir therapy. AIDS, 1990, 4, 6, p. 577–579.
46. LOBATO, M. N., BERGER, T. G. Porphyria cutanea tarda associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Dermatos., 1988, 124, 7, p. 1009–1010.
47. MAHE, A., SIMON, F., COULIBALY, S., TOUNKARA, A., BOBIN, P. Predictive value of seborrheic dermatitis and other common dermatoses for HIV infection in Bamako, Mali. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1996, 34, 6, p. 1084–1086.
48. MATHES, B. M., DOUGLASS, M. C. Seborrheic dermatitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1985, 13, 6, p. 947–951.
49. MAURER, T. A., BERGER, T. G. Dermatologic Manifestations of HIV. 1998,
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-04-01-01S1X.
50. McELRATH, M. J., DE ROSA, S. C., MOODIE, Z. et al. HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity in the test-of-concept Step Study: a case-cohort analysis. Lancet, 2008, 372, p. 1894–1905.
51. McMICHAEL, A. J., BORROW, P., TOMARAS, G. D., GOONETILLEKE, N., HAYNES, B. F. The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2010, 10, 1, p. 11–23.
52. MEHANDRU, S., POLES, M. A., TENNER-RACZ, K. et al. Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exp. Med., 2004, 200, 6, p. 761–770.
53. MUESING, M. A., SMITH, D. H., CABRADILLA, C. D., BENTON, C. V., LASKY, L. A., CAPON, D. J. Nucleic acid structure and expression of the human AIDS/lymphadenopathy retrovirus. Nature, 1985, 313, p. 450–458.
54. MYERS, S. A., KAMINO, H. Cutaneous cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis coinfection in a patient with AIDS. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1996, 34, 5, p. 898–900.
55. OBERLIN, E., AMARA, A., BACHELERIE, F. et al. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature, 1996, 382, p. 833–835.
56. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma among Haitians in the United States. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep), 1982, 31, 26, p. 353–354, 360–351.
57. PALEFSKY, J. M., GONZALES, J., GREENBLATT, R. M., AHN, D. K., HOLLANDER, H. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal papillomavirus infection among homosexual males with group IV HIV disease. JAMA, 1990, 263, 21, p. 2911–2916.
58. PENNEYS, N. S., HICKS, B. Unusual cutaneous lesions associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1985, 13, 5, p. 845–852.
59. PERRONNE, C., LAZANAS, M., LEPORT, C. et al. Varicella in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Arch. Dermatol., 1990, 126, 8, p. 1033–1036.
60. PITISUTTITHUM, .P, GILBERT, P., GURWITH, M. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial of a bivalent recombinant glycoprotein 120 HIV-1 vaccine among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. J. Infect. Dis., 2006, 194, 12, p. 1661–1671.
61. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.) 1982, 31, 27, p. 365–367.
62. Pneumocystis pneumonia – Los Angeles. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.), 1981, 30, 21, p. 250–252.
63. PROCHÁZKOVÁ, I., KRAJSOVÁ, I., ŠTORK, J., BĚLOHRADSKÁ, H., VELENSKÁ, Z., LACINA, L. Klinický případ: Diseminované lividní makulopapuly a ložiska. Čes--slov Derm, 2008, 83, 6, s. 315–318.
64. Proposed World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease: preliminary testing by an international collaborative cross-sectional study. The WHO International Collaborating Group for the Study of the WHO Staging System. AIDS, 1993, 7, 5, p. 711–718.
65. RABENECK, L., POPOVIC, M., GARTNER, S. et al. Acute HIV infection presenting with painful swallowing and esophageal ulcers. JAMA, 1990, 263, 17, p. 2318–2322.
66. RADOLF, J. D., KAPLAN, R. P. Unusual manifestations of secondary syphilis and abnormal humoral immune response to Treponema pallidum antigens in a homosexual man with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1988, 18, 2, Pt 2, p. 423–428.
67. RERKS-NGARM, S., PITISUTTITHUM, P., NITAYAPHAN, S. et al. Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 361, 23, p. 2209–2220.
68. ROZEHNALOVÁ, Z., HERCOGOVÁ, J., JILICH, D., MACHALA, L., ROZSYPAL, H. Koinfekce syfilis a HIV. Čes--slov Derm, 2009, 84, 5, s. 278–283.
69. RUZICKA, T., FROSCHL, M., HOHENLEUTNER, U., HOLZMANN, H., BRAUN-FALCO, O. Treatment of HIV-induced retinoid-resistant psoriasis with zidovudine. Lancet, 1987, 2, p. 1469–1470.
70. SADICK, N., KAPLAN, M. H., PAHWA, S. G., SARNGADHARAN, M. G. Unusual features of scabies complicating human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1986, 15, 3, p. 482–486.
71. SHARP, P. M., BAILES, E., CHAUDHURI, R. R., RODENBURG, C. M., SANTIAGO, M. O., HAHN, B. H. The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 2001, 356, p. 867–876.
72. SCHWARTZ, J. J, MYSKOWSKI, P. L. Molluscum contagiosum in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A review of twenty-seven patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1992, 27, 4, p. 583–588.
73. SODORA, D. L., ALLAN, J. S., APETREI, C. et al. Toward an AIDS vaccine: lessons from natural simian immunodeficiency virus infections of African nonhuman primate hosts. Nat. Med., 2009, 15, 8, p. 861–865.
74. SZÚ. Roční zprávy o výskytu a šíření HIV/AIDS v ČR, 2010.
75. TIKJOB, G., RUSSEL, M., PETERSEN, C. S., GERSTOFT, J, KOBAYASI, T. Seronegative secondary syphilis in a patient with AIDS: identification of Treponema pallidum in biopsy specimen. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1991, 24, 3, p. 506–508.
76. UNAIDS. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic, 2010.
77. Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants – New York, New Jersey, California. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep), 1982, 31, 49, p. 665–667.
78. VANDEWOUDE, S, APETREI, C. Going wild: lessons from naturally occurring T-lymphotropic lentiviruses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2006, 19, 4, p. 728–762.
79. VAŇOUSOVÁ, D., JILICH, D., MACHALA, L., HÓSOVÁ, L., POCK, L., ROZSYPAL, H., STAŇKOVÁ, M., HERCOGOVÁ, J. Úskalí diagnostiky Kaposiho sarkomu sdruženého s HIV infekcí. Klin. Onkol., 2010, 23, 5, s. 285–292.
80. VEAZEY, R. S., DEMARIA, M., CHALIFOUX, L. V. et al. Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+ T cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection. Science, 1998, 280, p. 427–431.
81. WALKER, B. D., KORBER, B. T. Immune control of HIV: the obstacles of HLA and viral diversity. Nat. Immunol., 2001, 2, 6, p. 473–475.
82. WOROBEY, M., GEMMEL, M., TEUWEN, D. E. et al. Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960. Nature, 2008, 455, p. 661–664.
83. WYATT, R., SODROSKI, J. The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens. Science, 1998, 280, p. 1884–1888.
84. ZHU, T., KORBER, B. T., NAHMIAS, A. J., HOOPER, E., SHARP, P. M., HO, D. D. An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic. Nature, 1998, 391, p. 594–597.
Štítky
Dermatology & STDs Paediatric dermatology & STDsČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Czech-Slovak Dermatology
2011 Číslo 2
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- HIV infection – History, Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
- Generalized Drug Eruption Following Iomeprol Coronarography
- Genetics of Atopic Dermatitis
- Môže Scedosporium apiospermum spôsobiť onychomykózu?