Selected aspects of mortality in Czechia and Slovakia in the pandemic year 2020
Authors:
B. Burcin 1; B. Šprocha 2; L. Šídlo 1
Authors place of work:
Katedra demografie a geodemografie, Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha
1; Centrum spoločenských a psychologických vied SAV, Bratislava
2
Published in the journal:
Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 72, 2023, č. 2, s. 99-110
Category:
Original Papers
Summary
Objective: The aim was to analyse the mortality trends in Czechia and Slovakia through detailed anonymized primary data on deaths in 2010–2020 and in particular to identify various aspects of the impact of the 2020 pandemic year in their context.
Methods: Using the DeRaS application, complete life tables by sex for 2010–2020 were constructed for Czechia and Slovakia, and changes in life expectancy at birth and at the exact age of 65 years were analysed. Using Pressat’s univariate decomposition, the effect of different age groups on the change in life expectancy at birth for men and women between 2019 and 2020 was identified. Subsequently, age group contributions to the decline in temporary life expectancy between the exact ages of 65 and 110 were also determined. Trends in mortality rates for each of the major cause of death groups were analysed using directly standardized mortality rates, with a detailed focus on selected groups of cardiovascular disease. The contributions of the major cause of death groups to the decline in life expectancy at birth between 2019 and 2020 were empirically identified by applying bivariate decomposition according to the Pollard method.
Results: In 2020, the life expectancy of newly born men in Czechia decreased by 1.05 years and that of women by 0.76 years. In Slovakia, the decrease was 0.67 years for men and 0.64 years for women. An even greater reduction was found for both countries at the exact age of 65. The main reason for this was the worsening of the mortality rates between the ages of 65 and 89 years,
especially from COVID-19 and some diseases of the circulatory system.
Conclusion: The study identified a significant reduction in life expectancy at birth for both men and women in Czechia and Slovakia between 2019 and 2020. The main reason for this phenomenon was the increase in mortality rates at senior ages, up to around age 90. However, the increase in mortality did not affect all age groups, but contributions at younger ages could not significantly compensate for the negative impact of older ages. The study confirmed mortality from COVID-19 as a major factor in declining life expectancy at birth but also noted a non-negligible effect of the worsened mortality rates from circulatory diseases. The negative impact of both groups of causes of death was particularly pronounced at the age of 65 and over.
Keywords:
Slovakia – Czechia – Life expectancy – mortality – COVID-19 – causes of death
Zdroje
1. Šprocha B. Pandémia ochorenia COVID-19 v roku 2020 a niektoré charakteristiky úmrtnosti na Slovensku. Slovenská štatistika a demografia, 2021;31(4):59–74.
2. Hulíková Tesárková K, Dzúrová D. Naděje dožití před pandemií a během pandemie v Česku. Tempus Medicorum, 2021;1:12–13.
3. Hulíková Tesárková K, Dzúrová D. Covid-19: co zatím přinesl rok 2021. Tempus Medicorum, 2021;5:20–23.
4. Villani L, Pastorino R, Ricciardi W, et al. Inverse correlates of COVID-19 mortality across European countries during the first versus subsequent waves. BMJ Global Health, 2021;6:e006422.
5. Dzúrová D, Hulíková Tesárková K. Covid nám už sebral 85 000 let: Česko a covid: Od nejlepší k nejhorší pozici. Tempus Medicorum, 2020;12:5–7.
6. Český statistický úřad. Databáze individuálních anonymizovaných dat o narozených a zemřelých za období 2000–2020.
7. Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky. Databáza individuálních anonymizovaných údajov o narodených a zomretých za obdobie 2000–2020.
8. Český statistický úřad. Věkové složení obyvatelstva. Jednotlivé publikace pro období 2000–2020. [online]. [cit. 2022-02-20]. Dostupné na www: <https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/publikace-o-obyvatelstvu>.
9. Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky. Vekové zloženie – SRoblasť-kraj-okres, m-v [om7009rr]. DATACube [online]. [cit. 2022-02-20]. Dostupné na www: <http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7009rr/v_om7009rr_00_00_00_sk>.
10. Burcin B, Hulíková Tesárková K, Kománek D. DeRaS: software tool for modelling mortality intensities and life table construction. Prague: Charles University in Prague;2012. Dostupné na www:<http://deras.natur.cuni.cz>.
11. Pressat, R. Eléments de démographie mathématique. Paris: Association internationale des démographes de langue française, 1995. 279 s. ISBN: 2-9509356-0-5.
12. European Commission. Eurostat. Revision of the European Standard Population. Report of Eurostat‘s task force [online]. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013 [cit. 2020-02-20]. ISBN 978-92-79-31094-2. Dostupné na www: <https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2785/11470>.
13. Pollard JH. The expectation of life and its relationship to mortality. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 1982;109(2):225–240.
14. Morávek D, Koukalová J. Population Development in Czechia in 2020. Demografie, 2021;63(4):246–261.
15. Kontis V, Bennett JE, Rashid T, et al. Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality in 21 industrialized countries. Nat Med, 2020;26:1919–1928. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1112-0>.
16. Vestergaard LS, Nielsen J, Richter L, et al. Excess all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe – preliminary pooled estimates from the EuroMOMO network, March to April 2020. Euro Surveill, 2020;25(26):2001214.
17. Bustos Sierra N, Bossuyt N, Braeye T, et al. All-cause mortality supports the COVID-19 mortality in Belgium and comparison with major fatal events of the last century. Arch Public Health, 2020;78:117. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00496-x>.
18. Hulíková Tesárková K. Demographic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Spain, Germany, and South Korea. Geografie, 2020;125(2):139–170. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie2020125020139>.
19. León-Gómez I, Mazagatos C, Delgado-Sanz, C, et al. The Impact of COVID-19 on Mortality in Spain: Monitoring Excess Mortality (MoMo) and the Surveillance of Confirmed COVID-19 Deaths. Viruses, 2021;13:2423. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122423>.
20. Stang A, Standl F, Kowall B, et al. Excess mortality due to COVID-19 in Germany. J. Infect., 2020;81(5):797–801. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.012>.
21. Mannucci E, Nreu B, Monami M. Factors associated with increased all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Int. J. Infect Dis., 2020;98:121–124. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.077>.
22. Barański K, Brożek G, Kowalska M, et al. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Total Mortality in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021;18(8):4388. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084388>.
23. Hong D, Lee S, Choi YJ, et al. The age-standardized incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates of COVID-19 in 79 countries: a cross-sectional comparison and their correlations with associated factors. Epidemiol. Health, 2021;43:e2021061. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021061>.
24. Kashnitsky I, Aburto JM. COVID-19 in unequally ageing European regions. World Dev, 2020;136:105170. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105170>.
25. Kang SJ, Jung SI. Age-Related Morbidity and Mortality among Patients with COVID-19. Infect Chemother., 2020;52(2):154–164.
26. Green MS, Nitzan D, Schwartz N, Niv Y, Peer V. Sex differences in the case-fatality rates for COVID-19-A comparison of the age-related differences and consistency over seven countries. PLoS One, 2021;16(4):e0250523. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250523>.
27. Sobotka T, Brzozowska Z, Muttarak R, et al. Age, gender and COVID-19 infections. medRxiv 2020. Online published on May 26, 2020. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/110.1101/2020.05.24.20111765>.
28. Sudharsanan N, Didzun O, Bärnighausen T, Geldsetzer P. The Contribution of the Age Distribution of Cases to COVID-19 Case Fatality Across Countries : A Nine-Country Demographic Study. Ann. Intern. Med., 2020;173(9):714–720. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2973>.
29. Goldstein JR, Lee RD. Demographic perspectives on the mortality of COVID-19 and other epidemics [published correction appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Nov 24;117(47):29991]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A;2020;117(36):22035–22041. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006392117>.
30. Vasishtha G, Mohanty SK, Mishra US, et al. Impact of COVID-19 infection on life expectancy, premature mortality, and DALY in Maharashtra, India. BMC Infect. Dis., 2021;21:343. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06026-6>.
31. Demombynes, G. COVID-19 age-mortality curves are flatter in developing countries. The World Bank. Policy Research Working Papers, 2020.
32. Sasson I. Age and COVID-19 mortality: A comparison of Gompertz doubling time across countries and causes of death. Demographic Research, 2021;44(16):379–396. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.16>.
33. Dudel C, Riffe T, Acosta E, et al. Monitoring trends and differences in COVID-19 case-fatality rates using decomposition methods: Contributions of age structure and age-specific fatality. PLoS ONE, 2020;15(9):e0238904. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238904>.
34. Magnani C, Azzolina D, Gallo E, et al. How Large Was the Mortality Increase Directly and Indirectly Caused by the COVID-19 Epidemic? An Analysis on All-Causes Mortality Data in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2020;17(10):3452. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103452>.
35. Cordero A, García-Gallego CS, Bertomeu-González V, et al. Mortality associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with COVID-19. REC CardioClinics, 2021;56(1):30–38. Dostupné na www: < https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccl.2020.10.005>.
36. Roth GA, Vaduganathan M, Mensah GA. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cardiovascular Health in 2020. JACC State-ofthe-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2022;80(6):631–640. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.06.008>.
37. Al-Aly Z., Xie Y. Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature, 2021;59:259–264. Dostupné na www: < https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9>.
38. Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes. Nature Medicine, 2022;28:583–590. Dostupné na www: < https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3>.
39. Bonow RO, Fonarow GC, O’Gara PT, Yancy CW. Association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with myocardial injury and mortality. JAMA Cardiol., 2020;5(7):751–753. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1105>.
40. Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2020;75(23):2950–2973. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031>.
41. Bhatt AS, Moscone A, McElrath EE, et al. Fewer hospitalizations for acute cardiovascular conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2020;76(3):280–288. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.038.7>.
42. Chudasama YV, Gillies CL, Zaccardi F, Coles B, Davies MJ, Seidu S, Khunti K. Impact of COVID-19 on routine care for chronic diseases: A global survey of views from healthcare professionals. Diabetes Metab. Syndr., 2020;14(5):965–967. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.042>.
43. Laffin LJ, Kaufman HW, Chen Z, et al. Rise in blood pressure observed among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Circulation, 2022;145(3):235–237. Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057075>.
44. Lin AL, Vittinghoff E, Olgin JE, Pletcher MJ, Marcus GM. Body weight changes during pandemic-related shelter-in-place in a longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Netw Open, 2021;4(3). Dostupné na www: <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2536>.
Štítky
Hygiene and epidemiology Medical virology Clinical microbiologyČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Epidemiology, Microbiology, Immunology
2023 Číslo 2
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Selected aspects of mortality in Czechia and Slovakia in the pandemic year 2020
- A word on the microbiome: considerations about the history, current state, and terminology of an emerging discipline
- The influence of meteorological factors on the risk of tick-borne encephalitis infection
- Secondary prevention of lung cancer in the Czech Republic – pitfalls, risks, benefits