Diabetic foot syndrome: the independent predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality?

Česká verzia

Authors: Jana Lupínková ¹; Alexandra Jirkovská ²; Robert Bém ²; Věra Adámková ¹
Authors place of work: Pracoviště preventivní kardiologie, IKEM, Praha, přednostka doc. MUDr. Věra Adámková, CSc. ¹; Centrum diabetologie, IKEM, Praha, prof. MUDr. Terezie Pelikánová, DrSc. ²
Published in the journal: Forum Diab 2013; 2(2): 102-107
Category:

Summary

Diabetic foot syndrome is defined as ulceration of the foot (distally from the ankle and including the ankle) associated with neuropathy and different grades of ischemia and infection. Patients with diabetic foot ulceration may be at considerably higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with those patients with diabetes but no history of foot ulceration. This may in part be explained by a greater burden of CVD risk factors and subsequent excess risk of fatal cardiovascular events. The adoption of an aggressive cardiovascular risk management policy in diabetic foot ulcer clinics is recommended for these patients.

Key words:
cardiovascular mortality – diabetes – diabetic foot ulcer – diabetic foot clinic

Zdroje

1. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, International consensus on the diabetic foot and practical guidelines on the management and the prevention of the diabetic foot. Amsterdam, the Netherlands (2011). Dostupné z www: <http://www.idf.org/catalog> nebo <http://www.diabeticfoot.nl>.

2. Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(8): 1679–1684.

3. Armstrong DG, Wrobel J, Robbins JM. Guest Editorial: are diabetes-related wounds and amputations worse than cancer? Int Wound J 2007; 4(4): 286–287.

4. Bakker K, Apelqvist J, Schaper NC; International Working Group on Diabetic Foot Editorial Board. Practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28(Suppl 1): 225–231.

5. Prompers L, Huijberts M, Apelqvist J et al. Delivery of care to diabetic patients with foot ulcers in daily practice: results of the Eurodiale Study, a prospective cohort study. Diabet Med 2008; 25(6): 700–707.

6. Schaper NC, Apelqvist J, Bakker K. Reducing lower leg amputations in diabetes: a challenge for patients, healthcare providers and the healthcare system. Diabetologia 2012; 55(7): 1869–1872.

7. McCormick KG, Young MJ. A clinical audit of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Clinic. Br J Podiatry 1999; 2: 95–96.

8. Preis SR, Hwang SJ, Coady S et al. Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women and men with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950 to 2005. Circulation 2009; 119(13): 1728–1735.

9. Brownrigg JR, Davey J, Holt PJ, Davis WA, Thompson MM, Ray KK, Hinchliffe RJ. The association of ulceration of the foot with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012; 55(11): 2906–2912.

10. Moulik PK, Mtonga R, Gill GV. Amputation and mortality in new-onset diabetic foot ulcers stratified by etiology. Diabetes care 2003; 26(2): 491–494.

11. Prompers L, Schaper N, Apelqvist J, et al. Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on between individuals with and without peripheral vascular disease. The EURODIALE study. Diabetologia 2008; 51(5): 747–755.

12. Hinchliffe RJ, Andros G, Apelqvist J et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28(Suppl 1): 179–217.

13. Pham H, Armstrong DG, Harvey C, Harlkess LB, Giurni JM, Veves A. Screening techniques to identify people at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(5): 606–611.

14. Silbernagel G, Rosinger S, Grammer TB et al. Duration of type 2 diabetes strongly predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people referred for coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221(2): 551–557.

15. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Lennon L, Sattar N. Impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality in older men: influence of age at onset, diabetes duration, and established and novel risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171(5): 404–410.

16. Muhlestein JB. Chronic infection and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58(19): 2007–2009.

17. Arya AK, Pokharia D, Bhan S, Tripathi R, Tripathi K. Correlation between IL-7 and MCP-1 in diabetic chronic non healing ulcer patients at higher risk of coronary artery disease. Cytokine 2012; 60(3): 767–771.

18. Poledne R, Valenta Z, Piťha J. CRP – marker proinflamačního stavu a kardiovaskulárního rizika. Vnitř Lék 2007; 53(4): 391–395.

19. Dubský M, Jirkovská A, Bém R et al. Risk factors for recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers:prospective follow-up analysis of a Eurodiale subgroup. Int Wound J 2012. Dostupné z DOI: <http://doi: 10.1111/j.1742–481X.2012.01022.x>.

20. Rogers LC, Frykberg RG, Armstrong DG et al. The Charcot Foot in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(9): 2123–2129.

21. Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Circulation 2007; 115(3): 387–397.

22. van Baal J, Hubbard R, Game F, Jeffcoate W. Mortality associated with acute Charcot foot and neuropathic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(5): 1086–1089.

23. Cusick M, Meleth AD, Agron E et al. Associations of mortality and diabetes complications in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report no 27. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(3): 617–625.

24. Lavery La, Hunt NA, Ndip A, Lavery DC, Van Houtum W, Boulton AJM. Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Survival After Amputation in Individuals With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(11): 2365–2369.

25. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetics. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(6): 580–591.

26. Young MJ, McCardle JE, Randall LE, Barclay JI. Improved survival of diabetic foot ulcer patients 1995–2008: possible impact of aggressive cardiovascular risk management. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(11): 2143–2147.

27. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation 2002; 106(25): 3143−3421.

28. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care – 2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (Suppl 1): S11–66.

29. Rydén L, Standl E, Bartnik M, et al. Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007; 28(19): 88–136.

30. Škrha J (výbor ČDS). Epidemiologická studie o diabetu mellitu v České Republice. Porovnání výsledků z roku 2002 a 2006. DMEV 2010; 13(2): 55–62.

31. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators, Kearney PM, Blackwell PM, Collins R, et al. Effi cacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trial of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008; 371(9607): 117–125.

32. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Treating to New Targets (TNT) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(14): 1425–1435.

33. Assmann G, Schulte H, Seedorf U. Cardiovascular risk assessment in the metabolic syndrome. Results from the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) Study. Int J Obes 2008; 32(Suppl 2): S11-S16.

34. Ghandehari H, Kamal-Bahl S, Wong ND. Prevalence and extent of dyslipidemia and recommended lipid levels in US adults with and without cardiovascular comorbidities: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Am Heart J 2008; 156(1): 112–119.

35. Sarwar N, Sandhu MS, Ricketts SL et al (Triglyceride Coronary Disease Genetics Consortium and Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration). Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease: collaborative analysis of 101 studies. Lancet 2010; 375(9726): 1634–1639.

36. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J 2011; 32(14):1769–1818.

37. EMA. Tredaptive. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Public_statement/2013/05/WC500143414.pdf>.

38. The FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366(9500): 1849–1861.

39. Scott R, O’Brien R, Fulcher G et al. The effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the FIELD study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(3): 493–498.

40. Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA et al (FIELD study investigators). Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370(9600): 1687–1697.

41. Rajamani K, Colman PG, Li LP et al (FIELD study investigators). Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373(9677): 1780–1788.

42. Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC et al (ACCORD Study Group). Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(17): 1563–1574.

43. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Pyingtom RP et al (ACCORD Study Group). Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(17): 1575–1585.

44. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352(9131): 837–853.

45. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366(9493): 1279–1289.

46. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Wedel H et al. Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J 2005; 26(7): 650–661.

47. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(15): 1577–1589.

48. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(2): 129–139.

49. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(24): 2545–2559.

50. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(4): 2560–2572.

51. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2009; 373(20): 2125–2135.

52. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(25): 2643–2653.

53. Filipovský J et al. Diagnostické a léčebné postupy u arteriální hypertenze – verze 2012. Doporučení České společnosti pro hypertenzi. Hypertenze a kardiovaskulární prevence 2012; 1(3): 1–16.

54. Inzucchi SE et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2012; 55(6): 1577–1596.

55. Fagher K, Löndahl M. The impact of metabolic control and QTc prolongation on all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and foot ulcers. Diabetologia 2013; 56(5):1140–1147.