New evidence‑based criteria for evaluating the appropriateness of drug regimen in seniors. Criteria STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Person’s Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to Right Treatment)
Authors:
E. Topinková 1,2; P. Mádlová 1,2; D. Fialová 1,3; J. Klán 1,2
Authors place of work:
Geriatrická klinika 1. lékařské fakulty UK a VFN Praha, přednostka prof. MUDr. Eva Topinková, CSc.
1; Subkatedra geriatrie Institutu postgraduálního vzdělávání ve zdravotnictví Praha, přednostka prof. MUDr. Eva Topinková, CSc.
2; Katedra sociální a klinické farmacie Farmaceutické fakulty UK Hradec Králové, přednosta prof. RNDr. Jiří Vlček, CSc.
3
Published in the journal:
Vnitř Lék 2008; 54(12): 1161-1169
Category:
Reviews
Summary
Drug prescribing in the old age is burdened by a significant number of prescribing errors often resulting in high rate of adverse drug events associated with increased morbidity, health care utilization and health costs. The revised 2003 Beers’ Criteria represent the most widely used method for identification of high risk (“potentially inappropriate”) medication in elderly persons. A standardized method for evaluating omission of potentially beneficial drugs has been lacking. The Beers’ Criteria consist of the list of selected drugs with high potential of adverse drug events in old age and clinical conditions with relative contraindications of selected drugs (drug‑disease interactions). Prescribing of these drugs should be avoided in older patients. However, several limitations prevent wider use of Beers’ Criteria: several outdated drugs or drugs unavailable in Europe are listed, some controversial drugs with specific indications are on the list, drug‑drug interaction and drug class duplications are not mentioned, and last but not least low user friendliness was criticized. To overcome these limitations, new STOPP and START Criteria were developed in 2007 to serve as a screening tool for comprehensive assessment of safety and quality of prescription in patients 65 years and older. In the current review article Czech version of both criteria are presented for the first time in the Czech literature. Using STOPP Criteria potentially inappropriate drugs are identified in drug regimen which could be stopped altogether or replaced by a safer drug alternative. Concomitant use of START Criteria will help the prescribing physician to consider the benefit of starting new drugs in selected clinical situations. Both screening tools represent a new method for improving quality of geriatric prescribing in clinical practice.
Key words:
evidence‑based pharmacotherapy – elderly – STOPP and START criteria – appropriate drugs in old age
Zdroje
1. Juurlink DN, Mamdami M, Kopp A et al. Drug‑drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalised for drug toxicity. JAMA 2003; 289: 1652–1658.
2. Goldberg RM, Mabee J, Chan L et al. Drug‑drug and drug‑disease interactions in the emergency department: analysis of a high‑risk population. Am J Emerg Med 1996; 14: 447–450.
3. Kriška M, Wawruch M. Dilema farmakoterapie v geriatrii. Problém polypragmazie a interakcií. Geriatria 2002; 8: 132–137.
4. Mangoni AA, Jackson SHD. Age‑related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 57: 6–14.
5. Fialová D, Topinková E. Specifické rysy geriatrické farmakoterapie z pohledu farmakokinetických a farmakodynamických změn ve stáří. Remedia 2002; 12: 434–440.
6. Tinetti M. Preventing falls in elderly persons. New Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49.
7. Hanlon JT, Horner RD, Schmader KE et al. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive function among community dwelling elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64: 684–692.
8. Gray SL, LaCroix AZ, Hanlon JT et al. Benzodiazepine use and physical disability in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 224–230.
9. Gabriel SE, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C. Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs; a meta‑analysis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 787–796.
10. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Hernandez-Diaz S, de Abajo FJ. Association between aspirin and upper gastrointestinal complications. Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 52: 563–571.
11. Sommer B, Fenn H, Pompei P et al. Safety of antidepressants in the elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2003; 2: 367–383.
12. Onder G, Pedone C, Landi F et al. Adverse drug reactions as a cause of hospital admissions: results from the Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly (GIFA). J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1962–1968.
13. Topinková E, Fialová D. Geriatrická farmakoterapie – léčiva nevhodná pro starší nemocné. Postgrad Med 2006; 8 (mimořádná příloha): 28–35.
14. Topinková E. Máme dostatek vědeckých důkazů pro farmakoterapii seniorů. Ageismus v klinických studiích. Postgrad Med 2008; 10: 571–585.
15. Spinewine A, Schmader KE, Barber N et al. Appropriate prescribing in elderly people: how well can it be measured and optimized? Lancet 2007; 370: 173–184.
16. Aparasu RR, Mort JR. Inappropriate prescribing for the elderly: Beers criteria‑based review. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34: 338–346.
17. Klarin I, Wimo A, Fastbom J. The association of inappropriate drug use with hospitalisation and mortality: a population based study of the very old. Drugs Aging 2005; 22: 69–82.
18. Spinewine A, Swine C, Dhillon S et al. Effect of a collaborative approach on the quality of prescribing for geriatric inpatients: a randomised, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 658–665.
19. Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I et al. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1825–1832.
20. Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly: an update. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1531–1536.
21. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade W et al. Updating the Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults – Results of a US Consensus Panel of Experts. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 2716–2724.
22. Naugler CT, Brymer C, Stolee P et al. Development and Validation of an Improved Prescribing for the Elderly Tool. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 7: 103–107.
23. Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Sansa GP et al. A method for assessing drug therapy appropriateness. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 1045–1051.
24. Fialová D, Topinková E. Koncept léčiv nevhodných ve stáří – farmakologické a farmakoepidemiologické aspekty. Remedia 2005; 15: 410–417.
25. Aparasu RR, Mort JR. Inappropriate prescribing for the elderly: Beers criteria‑based review. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34: 338–346.
26. Fialova D, Topinkova E, Gambassi G et al. Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe. JAMA 2005; 293: 1348–1358.
27. Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. Inappropriate drug prescribing in home-dwelling elderly patients: a population based survey. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1707–1712.
28. van der Hooft CS, Jong GW, Dieleman JP et al. Inappropriate drug prescribing in older adults: the updated 2002 Beers criteria – a population based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 60: 2137–2144.
29. Laroche ML, Charmes JP, Merle L. Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: a French consensus panel list. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63: 725–731.
30. Vinšová J, Fialová D, Topinková E et al. Prevalence a vývojové trendy v preskripci léčiv potenciálně nevhodných ve stáří v České republice. Prakt Lék 2006; 86: 722–728.
31. Wawruch M, Fialová S, Žikavská M et al. Používanie potencialne nevhodných liečiv pre starších pacientov v regione bývalého Česko-Slovenska. Klin Farmakol Farm 2008; 22: 108–112.
32. Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH. Prescribing for seniors: neither too much nor too little. JAMA 1999; 282: 113–115.
33. O’Mahony D, Gallagher PF. Inappropriate prescribing in the older population: need for new criteria. Age Ageing 2008; 37: 138–141.
34. Kunin CM. Inappropriate medication use in older adults: does nitrofurantoin belong on the list for the reasons stated? Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1701.
35. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C et al. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers’ Criteria. Age Ageing 2008; 37: 96–101.
36. Oborne CA, Hooper R, Swift GG et al. Explicit, evidence‑based criteria to assess the quality of prescribing to elderly nursing home residents. Age Ageing 2003; 32: 102–108.
37. Batty GM, Grant RL, Aggarwal R et al. Using prescribing indicators to measure the quality of prescribing to elderly medical in‑patients. Age Ageing 2003; 32: 292–298.
38. Shekelle PG, Maclean CH, Morton SC. ACOVE quality indicators. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 653–667.
39. Gallagher P, Ryan C, Byrne S et al. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to Right Treatment): Consensus Validation. Int J Clin Pharm Ther: 2008; 46: 72–83.
40. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977; 33: 159–174.
41. Topinková E et al. Nepublikované výsledky, 2008.
42. Gallagher P, O’Mahony D STOPP (Scree-ning Tool of Older People’s potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers’ criteria. Age Ageing, in press.
43. Barry P, Gallagher P, Ryan C et al. START Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to Right Treatment. An evidence‑based screening tool to detect prescribing omissions in elderly patients. Age Ageing 2007; 36: 628–631.
44. Krska J, Cromarty JA, Arris F et al. Pharmacist-led medication review in patients over 65: a randomised, controlled trial in primary care. Age Ageing 2001; 30: 205–211.
Štítky
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicineČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Internal Medicine
2008 Číslo 12
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- New evidence‑based criteria for evaluating the appropriateness of drug regimen in seniors. Criteria STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Person’s Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to Right Treatment)
- Schnitzler syndrome – report on a fourteen-year course of the disease and an overview of information on the disease
- Giant cell arteritis manifested by bilateral arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
- Guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis