Therapy of the gastroesophageal reflux disease – state of the art

Česká verzia

Authors: K. Lukáš; A. Žák
Authors place of work: IV. interní klinika 1. lékařské fakulty UK a VFN Praha, přednosta prof. MU Dr. Aleš Žák, DrSc.
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2009; 55(10): 949-954
Category: Reviews

Summary

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is defined as a disorder where reflux of the stomach content is bothersome and/ or brings about complications. A condition, where reflux symptoms persist or new occur and oesophagitis healing fails to take place despite maximum treatment, is classified as refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. A motility disorder rather than acid hypersecretion is the most important cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Prokinetic agents are thus the most logical treatment choice for gastroesophageal reflux disease, although proton pump inhibitors or, alternatively, a combination of these two therapeutic groups are the most effective.

Key words:
gastroesophageal reflux disease – gastroesophageal reflux disease – reflux esophagitis – proton pump inhibitors – prokinetics

Zdroje

1. Long JD, Orlando RC. Nonerosive reflux disease: a pathophysiologic perspective. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008; 10: 200– 207.

2. Hiyama T, Yoshihara M, Tanaka S et al. Strategy for treatment of nonerosive reflux in Asia. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 3123– 3128.

3. Lukáš K et al. Refluxní choroba jícnu. Standard České gastroenterologické společnosti – aktualizace 2009. Čes Slov Gastroent Hepatol 2009; 63: 76–85.

4. Monaco L, Brillantino A, Torelli F et al. Prevalence of bile reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients not responsive to proton pump inhibitors. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 334– 338.

5. Ogorek CP. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. In: Haubrich SW, Schaffner F, Berk JE (eds). Bockus Gastroenterology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Comp. 1995: 445– 467.

6. DeVault KR, Castell DO. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 2165– 2173.

7. Fass R, Hixson LJ, Ciccolo ML et al. Contemporary medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am Fam Physician 1997; 55: 217– 218.

8. Tytgat GN. Long‑term therapy for reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1148– 1150.

9. Brillantino A, Monaco L, Schettino M et al. Prevalence of pathological duodenogastric reflux and the relationship between duodenogastric and duodenogastrooesophageal reflux in chronic gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20: 1136– 1143.

10. Reddymasu SC, McCallum RW. Pharmacotherapy of gastroparesis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10: 469– 484.

11. Tack J. Prokinetics and fundic relaxants in upper functional GI disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8: 690– 696.

12. Karamanolis G, Tack J. Promotility medications – now and in the future. Dig Dis 2006; 24: 297– 307.

13. Accarino A, Perez F, Azpiroz F et al. Intestinal gas and bloating: effect of prokinetic stimulation. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2036– 2042.

14. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Takeuchi K et al. Frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease predicts the need for addition of prokinetics to proton pump inhibitor therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 746– 751.

15. Kim YS, Kim TH, Choi CS et al. Effect of itopride, a new prokinetic, in patients with mild GERD: a pilot study. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 4210– 4214.

16. Sifrim D, Holloway R, Silny J et al. Acid, non‑acid, and gas reflux in patients with gastro‑esophageal reflux disease during ambulatory 24- hour pH- impedance recordings. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1588– 1598.

17. Rackoff A, Agrawal A, Hila A et al. Histamine- 2 receptor antagonists at night improve gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms for patients on proton pump inhibitor therapy. Dis Esophagus 2005; 18: 370– 373.

18. Goyal RK. Disease of the Esophagus. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL et al (eds). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Medical 2008: 1847– 1855.

19. Dent J, Kahrilas PJ, Vakil N et al. Clinical trial design in adult reflux disease: a methodological workshop. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 107– 126.

20. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Kuwabara Met al. Long‑term gastroesophageal reflux disease therapy improves reflux symptoms in elderly patients: five-year prospective study in community medicine. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 639– 644.

21. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Takeuchi K et al. Frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease predicts the need for addition of prokinetics to proton pump inhibitor therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 746– 751.

22. Nocon M, Labenz J, Jaspersen D et al. Night time heartburn in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease under routine care. Digestion 2008; 77: 69– 72.

23. Grigolon A, Cantù P, Savojardo D et al. Esophageal acid exposure on proton pump inhibitors in unselected asymptomatic reflux disease patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 969– 973.

24. Lukáš K, Žák A. Diferenciální diagnostika refrakterní refluxní choroby jícnu. Čas Lék Čes 2008; 147: 599– 605.

25. Fass R. Erosive esophagitis and nonerosive reflux disease: comparison of epidemiologic, physiologic, and therapeutic characteristic. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 131– 137.

26. Vesper BJ, Altman KW, Elseth KM et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): is there more to story? ChemMedChem 2008; 3: 552– 559.

27. Ryou M, Thompson CC. Endoscopic therapy for GERD: does it have future? Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008; 10: 215– 221.

28. Vakil N, van Zaten SV, Kahrilas P et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence‑based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1900– 1920.

29. Flook N, Jones R, Vakil N. Approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care: Putting the Montreal definition into practice. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54: 701– 705.

30. Richter JE. The patient with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dis Esophagus 2006; 19: 443– 447.

31. Richter JE. How to manage refractory GERD. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 4: 658– 664.

32. Fornari F, Sifrim D. Diagnostic options for patients with refractory GERD. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008; 10: 283– 288.

33. Fass R, Gasiorowska A. Refractory GERD: what is it? Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008; 10: 252– 257.

34. Armstrong D. Systematic review: persistence and severity in gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 841– 853.

35. Bardham KD. The role of proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9 (Suppl 1): 15– 25.

36. Johnson DA, Katz PO. Nocturnal gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease: issues, implications, and management strategies. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2008; 8: 98– 108.

37. Barrison AF, Jarboe LA, Weinberg BM et al. Patterns of proton pump inhibitor use in clinical practice. Am J Med 2001; 111: 469– 473.

38. Pohle T, Domschke W. Results of short- and long‑term. Medical treatment of gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2000; 385: 317– 323.

39. Katz PO. Medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2007. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2007; 7: 193– 203.

40. De Jonge PJ, Siersema PD, Van Breda SG et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy in gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease decreases the oesophageal immune response but does not reduce the formation of DNA adducts. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 127– 136.

41. Smythe A, Troy GP, Ackroyd R et al. Proton pump inhibitor influence on reflux in Barrett’s oesophagus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20: 881– 887.

42. Drahoňovský V, Vrbenský L, Hnuta J et al. Pozitivní vliv laparoskopické antirefluxní operace na vývoj slizničních změn Barrettova jícnu pět a více let od provedené operace. Čes Slov Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 62: 190– 202.

43. Orlando RC. Reflux Esophagitis. In: Yamada T (ed). Textbook of Gastroenterology. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Comp. 1991: 1123– 1147.

44. Klinkenberg- Knol EC, Festen HP, Meuwissen SG. Pharmacological management of gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease. Drugs 1995; 49: 695– 710.

45. Katz PO, Castell DO. Approach to the patient with unexplained chest pain. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (Suppl 8): S4– S8.

46. Aisenberg J, Castell DO. Approach to the patient with unexplained chest pain. Mt Sinai J Med 1994; 61: 476– 483.

47. Richter JE. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Its Complications. In: Feldman M,Friedman LS, Brandt LJ (eds). Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elservier 2006: 905– 936.

48. Gasiorowska A, Fass R. The proton pump inhibitor test in GERD: does is still have a role? J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 867– 874.

49. Richter JE. Typical and atypical presentations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The role of esophageal testing in diagnosis and management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1996; 25: 75– 102.

50. Howden CW, Castell DO, Cohen S et al. The rationale for continuous maintenance treatment of reflux esophagitis. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1465– 1471.

51. Waring JP, Lacayo L, Hunter J et al. Chronic cough and hoarseness in patients with severe gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 1093– 1097.

52. Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR et al. Helicobacter pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 352– 360.

53. Hunt RH, Armstrong D, Yaghoobi M et al. Predictable prolonged suppresion of gastric acidity with a novel proton pump inhibitor, AGN 201904- Z. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 187– 199.

54. Vakil N. New pharmacological agents for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2008; 8: 117– 122.

55. Lehmann A. Novel treatment of GERD: focus on the lower esophageal sphincter. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2008; 12 (Suppl 1): 103– 110.