Dyslipidemia and obesity 2011. Similarities and differences

Česká verzia

Authors: R. Češka; M. Vráblík; P. Sucharda
Authors place of work: III. interní klinika 1. lékařské fakulty UK a VFN Praha, přednosta prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc., MBA
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2011; 57(3): 248-253
Category: 60th birthday of prof. Mudr. Jiřího Vítovce, CSc, FESC

Summary

We shall open our overview of issues related to obesity and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) or dyslipidemia with a notoriously known truth (that some are still reluctant to accept): HLP/DLP is not obesity. It is certainly not possible to put an equal sign between subcutaneous fat and the level of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. On the other hand, it is obvious that there is a number of connecting links between HLP/DLP and obesity. These associations on one side and differences on the other are the focus of this review paper. (1) HLP/DLP as well as obesity represent a group of high incidence metabolic diseases (gradually evolving from epidemic to pandemic) that affect several tens of percent of inhabitants. (2) Both HLP/DLP and obesity often occur concurrently, often as a result of unhealthy lifestyle. However, genetic factors are also been studies and it is possible that mutual predispositions for the development of both diseases will be identified. At present, it is only possible to conclude that obesity worsens lipid metabolism in genetically-determined HLP. (3) Both these metabolic diseases represent a risk factor for other pathologies, cardiovascular diseases are the most important common complication of both conditions (central type of obesity only). Concurrent presence of HDL/DLP and obesity is often linked to other diagnoses, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T), hypertension, pro-coagulation or pro-inflammatory states; all as part of so called metabolic syndrome. (4) Patients with metabolic syndrome and, mainly, central obesity usually have typical dyslipidemia with reduced HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and sometimes hypertriglyceridaemia. Current treatment of HDL/DLP aims to first impact on the primary aim, i.e. LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and than influence HDL-C. (5) It seems that the therapeutic efforts in HLP/DLP and obesity will go in the same direction. I will skip the trivial (and difficult to accept by patients) dietary changes. Pharmacotherapy, however, (very scarce with respect to obesity) may bring positive effects on lipids and BMI. Metformin used to be considered as a drug that could improve lipid profile and lead to body weight reduction. Even though larger studies did not provide an unambiguous evidence for this, metformin keeps its position as a first line oral antidiabetic (not only) in patients with T2DM, HLP and obesity. Positive effect on lipids, mainly HDL-C is reported with pioglitazone. This drug, unlike other glitazones, does not bring body weight reduction but at least does not have a negative effect. Other antidiabetics with a positive effect on lipids and body weight include incretins, liraglutid in particular. Liraglutid importantly decreases triglyceride levels and has anorectic effect. Furthermore, metabolic effects of bariatric surgery should not be overlooked. Bariatric surgery brings weight reduction as well as it improves lipid profile and compensation of diabetes mellitus (DM). It should be mentioned here that bariatric surgery has been used for the treatment of HLP as early as 1980s. The results of the 25-year follow up within the POSCH study (ideal bypass indicated for HLP), presented in 2010, confirm a decrease in overall as well as cardiovascular mortality in an operated group, even though patients who did not undergo surgery were significantly more frequently treated with statins.

Key words:
hyperlipoproteinemia – dyslipidemia – obesity – HDL-cholesterol – metabolic syndrome – ideal bypass – incretins – niacin – anacetrapib

Zdroje

1. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.

2. Heinecke J. HDL and Cardiovascular Disease Risk – Time for a New Approach? N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 170–171.

3. Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA et al. FIELD study investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 1687–1697.

4. Joy T, Hegele RA. Is raising HDL a futile strategy for atheroprotection? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7: 143–155.

5. Brousseau ME, Schaefer EJ, Wolfe ML et al. Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in HDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1505–1515.

6. Khera AV, Cuchel M, de la Llera-Moya M et al. Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein fiction and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 127–135.

7. Sucharda P. Metabolická chirurgie – nejúčinnější léčba diabetu. Vnitř Lék 2011; 57: v tisku.

8. Buchwald H, Varco RL (eds). Metabolic surgery. New York: Grune & Stratton 1978.

9. Buchwald H. Lowering of cholesterol absorption and blood levels by ileal exclusion: experimental basis and preliminary clinical report. Circulation 1964; 29: 713–720.

10. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Matts JP et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 946–955.

11. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Boen JR et al. Effective lipid modification by partial ileal bypass reduced long-term coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity: five-year posttrial follow-up report from the POSCH. Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1253–1261.

12. Riobaldo RC, Sposito AC. POSCH Trial 25-year Follow-up Results: Latest News From an Old Kid on the Block. Clin Lipidology 2010; 5: 651–653.

13. Maccubbin D, Bays HE, Olsson AG et al. Lipid-modifying efficacy and tolerability of extended-release niacin/laropiprant in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 1959-1970.