Frequency and timing of meals and changes in body mass index: Analysis of the data from the Adventist Health Study-2

Česká verzia

Authors: Hana Kahleová ^1,2; Jan Irene Lloren ¹; Andrew Mashchak ¹; Martin Hill ³; Gary Fraser ¹
Authors place of work: Loma Linda University, School of Public Health, CA, USA ¹; Centrum diabetologie IKEM, Praha ²; Endokrinologický ústav, Praha ³
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2016; 62(Suppl 4): 15-20
Category: Original Contributions

Summary

Goal:
Our study focuses on examining the relationship between the frequency and timing of meals and changes in BMI in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) which represents a relatively healthy population in North America.

Methodology:
A longitudinal analysis was undertaken using data from 48 673 individuals monitored over an average period of 7.43 ± 1.24 years. The number of meals per day, length of nighttime fasting, eating breakfast and timing of the largest meal of the day (breakfast 5–11 a.m., lunch noon–4 p.m. or supper/dinner 5–11 p.m.) were used as independent variables. The primary output was the change in body mass index (BMI) once in a year. Linear regression analyses were adjusted for all important demographic factors and lifestyle factors.

Results:
Consumption of 1 and 2 meals a day was associated with decrease in BMI (-0.04; 95% CI -0.06 to -0.03 and -0.02; 95% CI -0.03 to -0,01 kg.m^-2 per year, respectively). On the other hand, consumption of 3 or more meals a day was associated with increase in BMI, in a linear relation (p < 0.001). BMI of those who skipped breakfast increased (0.029; 95% CI 0.021–0.037 kg.m^-2 per year; p = 0.002) as compared to no BMI change in those who had breakfast (-0.0002; 95% CI -0.005 to + 0.004 kg.m^-2 per year). Those, whose largest meal of the day was breakfast, recorded no significant change in BMI (-0.002 95% CI -0.008 to +0.004 kg.m^-2 per year). On the contrary, the largest supper was associated with the greatest increase in BMI (0.034; 95% CI 0.029–0.040 kg.m^-2 per year).

Conclusion:
Our results indicate that eating less frequently, consuming breakfast and having the largest meal in the morning hours may be effective measures to prevent weight gain.

Key words:
body mass index (BMI) – frequency and timing of meals – body mass regulation – breakfast

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