Thoughts about valvular abnormalities yesterday and today

Česká verzia

Authors: Pavel Gregor; Hana Línková
Authors place of work: Kardiocentrum – III. interní-kardiologická klinika 3. LF UK a FN Královské Vinohrady, Praha
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2017; 63(5): 322-327
Category: Reviews

Summary

The article deals with the problems of acquired valvular disorders. It mainly focuses on the new findings regarding ethiopathogenesis, diagnostics, evaluation and treatment, especially catheterization. In advanced countries, post-rheumatic abnormalities have almost disappeared, their current etiology has substantially changed (mitral stenosis). The earlier relatively rare degenerative changes now predominate, mainly affecting older patients (aortic stenosis). Also the treatment methods for acquired abnormalities have substantially changed – currently catheterization approaches are used more frequently in their correction.

Key words:
aortic regurgitation – aortic stenosis – echocardiography for valvular abnormalities – magnetic resonance abnormalities – mitral regurgitation – mitral stenosis – valve replacement

Zdroje

1. Widimský J. Insuficience aorty. In: Kordač V et al (eds). Vnitřní lékařství I. Avicenum: Praha 1988: 560–563. ISBN 80–201–0188–8.

2. Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F et al. [Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery]. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart diseases (Version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012; 33:(19) 2451–2496. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs109>.

3. Remenyi B, El Guindy A, Smith SC Jr et al. Valvular aspects of rheumatic heart disease. Lancet 2016; 387(10025): 1335–1346. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(16)00547-X>.

4. Zeng Y, Rongrong S, Xianchi L et al. Pathophysiology of valvular heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11(4): 1184–1188.

5. Čerbák R. Nejčastější chlopenní vady: aortální stenóza a mitrální insuficience. Galén: Praha 2007. ISBN 978–80–7262–523–9.

6. Rezzoug N, Vaes B, de Meester CH et al. The clinical impact of valvular heart disease in a population-based cohort of subjects aged 80 and older. BMC Cardiovac Disord 2016; 16: 7. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872–016–0184–8>.

7. Shu C, Chen S, Quin TT et al. Prevalence and correlates of valvular heart diseases in the elderly population in Hubei, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 627253. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep27253>.

8. Demers P, Beaulieu N. Left atrial myxoma in association with life-saving mitral stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143(2): e9-e10. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.084>.

9. Kirman M, Erdem K, Mercan H et al. Large mobile hemangioma arising from interatrial septum which mimics mitral stenosis. Turk J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 21: 434–436.

10. Auer J, Berent R, Gurtner F. „Malignant“ mitral stenosis. J Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 7: 19. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749–8090–7–19>.

11. Wilbring M, Kappert U, Daubner D et al. Metastazing primary arterial leiomyosarcoma causing a functional high-grade mitral stenosis. Heart Surg Forum 2012; 15(2): E108-E110. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/HSF98.20111147>.

12. Singla S, Bansal M, Agarwal A. Mitral stenosis in tuberous sclerosis: A case of dystrophic calcification. J Postgrad Med 2012; 58(2): 167–170. Dostupné z DOI: <http://doi: 10.4103/0022–3859.97192>.

13. Pasca I, Tyagi G, Patel R et al. Malignant natural history of patients with degenerative mitral stenosis: biological predictors of survival in a cohort of 1004 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59(Suppl 13): E1970. Dostupné z DOI: <http://10.1016/S0735–1097(12)61971–8>.

14. Sud K, Agarwal S, Parashar A et al. Degenerative mitral stenosis unmet need for percutaneous interventions. Circulation 2016; 133(16): 1594–1604. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020185>.

15. Rajamannan NM, Evans FJ, Aikawa E et al. Calcific aortic valve disease: not simply a degenerative process: a review and agenda for research from the National Heart and Lung and Blood Institute Aortic Stenosis Working Group. Circulation 2011; 124(16): 1783–1791. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.006767>.

16. Abramowitz Y, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T et al. Mitral anulus calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66(17): 1934–1941. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.872>.

17. Kanjanauthai S, Nasir K, Katz R et al. Relationships of mitral annular calcification to cardiovascular risk factors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2010; 213(2): 558–562. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.072>.

18. Fox CS, Vasan RS, Parise H et al. Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003; 107(11): 1492–1496.

19. Pasca I, Dang P, Tyagi G et al. Survival in patients with degenerative mitral stenosis: results from a large retrospective cohort study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29(5): 461–469. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.12.012>.

20. Ramaraj R, Manrique C, Hashemzadeh H et al. Mitral annulus calcification is independently associated with all-cause mortality. Exp Clin Cardiol 2013; 18(1): e5-e7.

21. Okada Y. Surgical management of mitral annular calcification. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 61(11): 619–625. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11748–013–0207–7>.

22. Higgins J, Mayo J, Skarsgard P. Cardiac computed tomography facilitates operative planning in patients with mitral calcification. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95(1): e9-e11. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.07.059>.

23. Silbiger JJ. Anatomy, mechanics, and pathophysiology of the mitral annulus. Am Heart J 2012; 16(2): 163–176. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2012.05.014>.

24. Elmariah S, Budoff MJ, Delaney JAC et al. Risk factors associated with the incidence and progression of mitral annulus calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 2013; 166(5): 904–912. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.08.015>.

25. Uchimuro T, Fukui T, Shimizu A et al. Mitral valve surgery in patients with severe mitral annular calcification. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101(3): 889–895. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.08.071>.

26. Katz R, Wong ND, Kronmal R et al. Feature of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus as predictors of aortic valve calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2013; 113(17): 2113–2119. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.598086>.

27. Beckmann E, Grau JB, Sainger R et al. Insights into the use of biomarkers in calcific aortic valve disease. J Heart Valve Dis 2010; 19(4): 441–452.

28. Balachandran K, Alfort PW, Wylie-Sears J et al. Cyclic strain induces dual-mode endothelial – mesenchymal transformation of the cardiac valve. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108(50): 19943–19948. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106954108>.

29. Towler DA. Molecular and cellular aspects of calcific aortic valve diabase. Circ Res 2013; 113(2): 198–208. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300155>.

30. Lincoln J, Garg V. Etiology of valvular heart disease – genetic and developmental origins. Circ J 2014; 78(8): 1801–1807.

31. Asgar AW, Mack MJ, Stone GW. Secondary mitral regurgitation in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(12): 1231–1248. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.009>. Erratum in J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(20): 2265.

32. Gulic TG, Makuc J, Prosen G et al. Pocket-size imaging device as a screening tool for aortic stenosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128(9–10): 348–353. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508–015–0904–6>.

33. Niederle P, Mandysová E. Transezofageální echokardiografie do kapsy. Triton: Praha 2000. ISBN 80–7254–104–8.

34. Gregor P, Línková H. Aortální stenóza. Vnitř Lék 2013; 59(4): 277–283.

35. Gregor P, Línková H. Aortální regurgitace. Vnitř Lék 2013; 59(2): 99–104.

36. Gregor P, Línková H. Mitrální stenóza. Vnitř Lék 2014; 60(4): 304–309.

37. Galli E, Fournet M, Chabbane C et al. Prognostic value of left atrial reservoir fiction in patients with severe aortic stenosis: a 2D speckle-tracking echocardiographic study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17(5): 533–541. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev230>.

38. Dahl JS, Gomes SB, Videbaek L et al. Early diastolic strain rate in relation to systolic and diastolic fiction and prognosis in aortic stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9(5): 519–528. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.06.029>.

39. Lee AP, Fang F, Jin ChN et al. Quantification of mitral valve morfology with three-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation Journal 2014; 78(5): 1029–1037.

40. Ngernsritrakul T, Chandrachamnong S, Hul D et al. Novel automated three-dimensional mitral valve area measurement in rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(10; Suppl 17): A2021.

41. Jone PN, Bremen C, Di Maria M et al. Three-dimensional echocardiography enhances diagnostic accuracy of supramitral ring. Echocardiography 2015; 32(6): 1048–1050. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/echo.12867>.

42. Looi JL, Kerr AJ, Gabriel R. Morphology of congenital and aquired aortic valve disease by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84(11): 2144–2154. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.07.022>.

43. Debonnaire P, Delgado V, Bax JJ. Potential role of fibrosis paging in severe valvular heart disease. Heart 2015; 101(5): 397–407. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013–304679>.

44. Kim SS, Ko SM, Song MG et al. Quantification of stenotic mitral valve area and diagnostic accuracy of mitral stenosis by dual-source computed tomography in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison with cardiovascular magnetic resonance and transthoracic echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 31(Suppl 1): 103–114. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554–014–0488–7>.

45. Naoum Ch, Leipsic J, Cheung A et al. Mitral annular dimensions and geometry in patients with functional mitral regurgitation and mitral valve prolaps. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9(3): 269–280. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.08.022>.

46. Aksu HU, Gorgulu S, Diker M et al. Cardiac computed tomography versus echocardiography in the assessment of stenotic rheumatic mitral valve. Echocardiography 2016; 33(3): 346–352. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/echo.13076>.

47. Vojáček J, Dominik J, Žáček P et al. Záchovné operace a plastiky aortální chlopně – od anatomie chlopně až k dlouhodobým výsledkům. Vnitř Lék 2009; 55(2): 117–122.

48. Vahl TP, Kodali SK, Leon MB. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement 2016: A Modern-Day „Through the Looking-Glass“ Adventure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67(12): 1472–1487. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.059>.

49. Chakravarty T, Belle EV, Jilaihawi H et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of mitral regurgitation on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol 2015; 115(7): 942–949. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.01.022>.

50. Sannino A, Losi MA, Schiattarella GG et al. Meta-analysis of mortality outcomes and mitral regurgitation evolution in 4,839 patients having transcatheter aortic valve implantation for severe aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 2014; 114(6): 875–882. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.dpo.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.06.022>.

51. van Dijk KG, Wiegerinck EMA, Takama T et al. Mitral regurgitation prior to transcathetetr aortic valve implantation involuences survival but not symptoms. Int J Cardiol 2016; 204: 95–100. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.129>.

52. Szymanski P, Hryniewiecki T, Dabrowski M et al. Mitral and aortic regurgitation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Heart 2016; 102(9): 701–706. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015–308842>.

53. Schubert SA, Yarboro LT, Madala S et al. Natural history of coexistent mitral regurgitation after aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 151(4): 1032–1039, 1042.e1. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.12.006>.

54. Praz P, Windecker S, Huber Ch et al. Expanding indications of transcatheter heart valve interventions CME. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8(14): 1777–1796. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.08.015>.

55. Tang HGL, Hahn GI, Vinayak BV et al. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement design implications. Potential pitfalls and outcomes assessment. Cardiol Rev 2015; 23(6): 290–296. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000086>.

56. Ahn HC, Baranowski J, Dahlin LG et al. Transvenous implantation of a stent valve in patients with degenerated mitral prostheses and native mitral stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101(6): 2279–2284. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.11.019>.

57. Nachum ER, Raanani E, Segev A et al. Transapical transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for failed mitral valve bioprosthesis. Isr Med Assoc J 2016; 18(1): 13–17.

58. Kliger C, Angulo R, Maranan L et al. Percutanous complete repair of failed mitral valve prosthesis: Simultaneous closure of mitral paravalvular leaks and transcatheter mitral valve implantation. Eurointervention 2015; 10(11): 1336–1345. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJY14M05_01>.

59. Ranney DN, Williams JB, Wang A et al. Valve-in-valve transcatheter valve implantation in the nonaortic position. J Card Surg 2016; 31(5): 282–288. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocs.12745>.

60. Koeckert MS, Loulmet DF, Williams MR et al. Robotic transcatheter mitral valve replacement using the Sapien XT in the petting of severe mitral annular calcification. J Card Surg 2016; 31(5): 303–305. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocs.12737>.

61. Jain R, Algahim MF, Bajwa TK et al. Native mitral stenosis treated with transcatheter mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101(3): e75–77. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.09.020>.

62. Puri R, Altisent OAJ, del Trigo M et al. Transcatheter mitral valve implantation ofr inoperable severely calcified native mitral valve disease: A systematic review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 87(3): 540–548. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.26262>.

63. Nishimura RA, Vahanian A, Eleid M et al. Mitral valve disease – current management and future challenges. Lancet. 2016; 387(10025): 1324–1334. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(16)00558–4>.

64. Želízko M, Pořízka V, Kočková R. Katetrizační metoda léčby chronické mitrální regurgitace pomocí mitrální svorky (MitraClip). Vnitř Lék 2014; 60(12): 1090–1094.

65. Sizarov A, Boudjemline Y. Novel materials and device in the transcatheter management of congenital heart disease – the future comes slowly. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2016; 109(4): 278–285. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2015.12.002>.