Diabetic dyslipidemia and microvascular complications of diabetes
Authors:
David Karásek; Helena Vaverková
Authors place of work:
III. interní klinika – nefrologická, revmatologická a endokrinologická LF UP a FN Olomouc
Published in the journal:
Vnitř Lék 2018; 64(1): 17-24
Category:
Reviews
Summary
Diabetic dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors for atherosclerosis. Although its participation in diabetic microvascular complications is not that dominant, dyslipidemia may play an important role in formation and progression of these complications. Pathophysiological mechanisms by which diabetic dyslipidemia affects the etiopathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and diabetic foot are presented. The data from clinical studies and treatment possibilities for particular microvascular complications using lipid-lowering therapy are discussed.
Key words:
diabetes mellitus – diabetic foot – dyslipidemia – nephropathy – neuropathy – retinopathy
Zdroje
1. Vrablík M, Tůmová E. Metabolizmus cholesterolu u pacientů s diabetes mellitus 2. typu. Vnitř Lék 2016; 62(3): 189–194.
2. Schofield JD, Liu Y, Rao-Balakrishna P et al. Diabetes dyslipidemia. Diabetes Ther 2016; 7(2): 203–219. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13300–016–0167-x>.
3. Wu L, Parhofer KG. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Metabolism 2014; 63(12): 1469–1479. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.010>.
4. Xiao C, Dash S, Morgantini C et al. Pharmacological Targeting of the Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Complex: The Next Frontier in CVD Prevention Beyond Lowering LDL Cholesterol. Diabetes 2016; 65(7): 1767–1778. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/db16–0046>.
5. Vergès B Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia: where are we? Diabetologia 2015; 58(5): 886–899. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125–015–3525–8>.
6. Srivastava RAK. Dysfunctional HDL in diabetes mellitus and its role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2017. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010–017–3165-z>.
7. Rosenson RS, Brewer HB Jr, Ansell BJ et al. Dysfunctional HDL and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 13(1): 48–60. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.124>.
8. Zeadin MG, Petlura CI, Werstuck GH. Molecular mechanisms linking diabetes to the accelerated development of atherosclerosis. Can J Diabetes 2013; 37(5): 345–350. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.06.001>.
9. Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20(4): 546–551. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230–8210.183480>.
10. Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J et al. [Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group]. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14): 977–986. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401>.
11. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352(9131): 837–853. Erratum in Lancet 1999; 354(9178): 602.
12. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(15): 1577–1589. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470>.
13. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al. [ADVANCE Collaborative Group]. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(24): 2560–2572. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987>.
14. Bouček P. Diabetická nefropatie/diabetické onemocnění ledvin. Vnitř Lék 2013; 59(3): 201–203.
15. Stadler K, Goldberg IJ, Susztak K. The evolving understanding of the contribution of lipid metabolism to diabetic kidney disease. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15(7): 40. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892–015–0611–8>.
16. Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA. Lipids and diabetic renal disease. Curr Diab Rep 2005; 5(6): 445–448.
17. Radcliffe NJ, Seah JM, Clarke M et al. Clinical predictive factors in diabetic kidney disease progression. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 8(1): 6–18. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12533>.
18. Gall MA, Hougaard P, Borch-Johnsen K et al. Risk factors for development of incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: prospective, observational study. BMJ 1997; 314(7083): 783–788.
19. Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L et al. Smoking and progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(3): 911–916.
20. Altemtam N, Russell J, El Nahas M. A study of the natural history of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27(5): 1847–1854. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr561>.
21. Chang YH, Chang DM, Lin KC et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23(8): 751–757. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.05.005>.
22. de Boer IH, Rue TC, Cleary PA et al. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study Research Group. Long-term renal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: an analysis of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications cohort. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171(5): 412–420. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.16>.
23. Morton J, Zoungas S, Li Q et al. [ADVANCE Collaborative Group]. Low HDL cholesterol and the risk of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: results of the ADVANCE study. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(11): 2201–2206. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12–0306>.
24. Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G et al. Authors/Task Force Members; Additional Contributor. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(39): 2999–3058. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272>.
25. Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD et al. American Association of clinical endocrinologist and American College of endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Endocr Pract 2017; 23(Suppl 2): 1–87. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP171764.APPGL>.
26. Wanner C, Krane V, März W et al. German Diabetes and Dialysis Study Investigators. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(3): 238–248. Erratum in N Engl J Med 2005; 353(15):1640.
27. Fellström BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE et al. [AURORA Study Group]. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(14): 1395–1407. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810177>. Erratum in N Engl J Med 2010; 362(15): 1450.
28. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C et al. [SHARP Investigators]. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377(9784): 2181–2192. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(11)60739–3>.
29. Shen X, Zhang Z, Zhang X et al. Efficacy of statins in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15(1): 179. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944–016–0350–0>.
30. Qin X, Dong H, Fang K et al. The effect of statins on renal outcomes in patients with diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33(6). Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2901>.
31. Su X, Zhang L, Lv J et al. Effect of Statins on Kidney Disease Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 67(6): 881–892. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.016>.
32. Sanguankeo A, Upala S, Cheungpasitporn W et al. Effects of Statins on Renal Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10(7): e0132970. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132970>.
33. Major RW, Cheung CK, Gray LJ et al. Statins and Cardiovascular Primary Prevention in CKD: A Meta-Analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 10(5): 732–739. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07460714>.
34. Jun M, Zhu B, Tonelli M et al. Effects of fibrates in kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60(20): 2061–2071. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.049>.
35. Davis TM, Ting R, Best JD et al. [Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes Study investigators]. Effects of fenofibrate on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) Study. Diabetologia 2011; 54(2): 280–290. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125–010–1951–1>.
36. Wanner C, Tonelli M. [Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Lipid Guideline Development Work Group Members]. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD: summary of recommendation statements and clinical approach to the patient. Kidney Int 2014; 85(6): 1303–1309. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2014.31>.
37. Pavlakou P, Liberopoulos E, Dounousi E et al. PCSK9 in chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 49(6): 1015–1024. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255–017–1505–2>.
38. Modjtahedi BS, Bose N, Papakostas TD et al. Lipids and Diabetic Retinopathy. Semin Ophthalmol 2016; 31(1–2): 10–18. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2015.1114869>.
39. Klein BE, Moss SE, Klein R et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XIII. Relationship of serum cholesterol to retinopathy and hard exudate. Ophthalmology 1991; 98(8): 1261–1265.
40. Kissebah AH, Kohner EM, Lewis B et al. Plasma-lipids and glucose/insulin relationship in non-insulin-requiring diabetics with and without retinopathy. Lancet 1975; 1(7916): 1104–1108.
41. Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL et al. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114(9): 1079–1084.
42. Klein BE, Myers CE, Howard KP et al. Serum Lipids and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema in Persons With Long-term Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133(5): 503–510. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.5108>.
43. Cetin EN, Bulgu Y, Ozdemir S et al. Association of serum lipid levels with diabetic retinopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6(3): 346–349. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222–3959.2013.03.17>.
44. Morton J, Zoungas S, Li Q et al. [ADVANCE Collaborative Group]. Low HDL cholesterol and the risk of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: results of the ADVANCE study. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(11): 2201–2206. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12–0306>.
45. Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE et al. Factors associated with avoidance of severe complications after 25 yr of IDDM. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study I. Diabetes Care 1990; 13(7): 741–747.
46. Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Ophthalmology 1995; 102(4): 647–661.
47. Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE et al. Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report 18. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39(2): 233–252.
48. Miljanovic B, Glynn RJ, Nathan DM et al. A prospective study of serum lipids and risk of diabetic macular edema in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53(11): 2883–2892.
49. Sacks FM, Hermans MP, Fioretto P et al. Association between plasma triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and microvascular kidney disease and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a global case-control study in 13 countries. Circulation 2014; 129(9): 999–1008. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002529>.
50. Sasongko MB, Wong TY, Nguyen TT et al. Serum apolipoprotein AI and B are stronger biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipids. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(2): 474–479. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10–0793>.
51. Hu A, Luo Y, Li T et al. Low serum apolipoprotein A1/B ratio is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250(7): 957–962. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417–011–1855-x>.
52. Pelikánová T. Diabetická retinopatie: patogeneze a terapeutické implikace. Vnitř Lék 2016; 62(7–8): 620–628.
53. Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA et al. [FIELD study investigators]. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370(9600): 1687–1697. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(07)61607–9>.
54. Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD et al. [ACCORD Study Group; ACCORD Eye Study Group]. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(3): 233–244. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001288>. Erratum in N Engl J Med 2011; 364(2): 190. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(25): 2458.
55. Sharma N, Ooi JL, Ong J et al. The use of fenofibrate in the management of patients with diabetic retinopathy: an evidence-based review. Aust Fam Physician 2015; 44(6): 367–370.
56. Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ et al. Diabetic Retinopathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(3): 412–418. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16–2641>. Erratum in Erratum. Diabetic Retinopathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 412–418. Erratum. Diabetic Retinopathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 412–418.
57. Ioannidou E, Tseriotis VS, Tziomalos K. Role of lipid-lowering agents in the management of diabetic retinopathy. World J Diabetes 2017; 8(1): 1–6. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i1.1>.
58. Tuuminen R, Sahanne S, Loukovaara S. Low intravitreal angiopoietin-2 and VEGF levels in vitrectomized diabetic patients with simvastatin treatment. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92(7): 675–681. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.12363>.
59. Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG. Statin use before diabetes diagnosis and risk of microvascular disease: a nationwide nested matched study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2(11): 894–900. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213–8587(14)70173–1>.
60. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN et al. [CARDS investigators]. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364(9435): 685–696.
61. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S et al. [Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group]. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361(9374): 2005–2016.
62. Papanas N, Ziegler D. Risk Factors and Comorbidities in Diabetic Neuropathy: An Update 2015. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 12(1–2): 48–62. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.48>.
63. Perez-Matos MC, Morales-Alvarez MC, Mendivil CO. Lipids: A Suitable Therapeutic Target in Diabetic Neuropathy? J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:6943851. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6943851>.
64. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE et al. [EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group]. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(4): 341–350. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032782>.
65. Wiggin TD, Sullivan KA, Pop-Busui R et al. Elevated triglycerides correlate with progression of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 2009; 58(7): 1634–1640. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08–1771>.
66. Smith AG, Singleton JR. Obesity and hyperlipidemia are risk factors for early diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27(5): 436–442. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.04.003>.
67. Cho YN, Lee KO, Jeong J et al. The role of insulin resistance in diabetic neuropathy in Koreans with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 6-year follow-up study. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55(3): 700–708. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2014.55.3.700>.
68. Davis TM, Yeap BB, Davis WA et al. Lipid-lowering therapy and peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2008; 51(4): 562–566. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125–007–0919–2>.
69. Hernández-Ojeda J, Román-Pintos LM, Rodríguez-Carrízalez AD et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIa study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7: 401–407. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S65500>.
70. Villegas-Rivera G, Román-Pintos LM, Cardona-Muñoz EG et al. Effects of Ezetimibe/Simvastatin and Rosuvastatin on Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Neuropathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015; 2015: 756294. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/756294>.
71. Rajamani K, Colman PG, Li LP et al. [FIELD study investigators]. Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373(9677): 1780–1788. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(09)60698-X>.
72. Simó R, Simó-Servat O, Hernández C. Is fenofibrate a reasonable treatment for diabetic microvascular disease? Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15(5): 24. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892–015–0599–0>.
73. Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(1): 136–154. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16–2042>.
74. Antonoglou C, Papanas N, Maltezos E. Lipid-lowering therapy in the diabetic foot: seeing the whole iceberg and not just the tip. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2014; 12(5): 745–750.
75. McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH et al. The independent contributions of diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy in foot ulceration. How great are the risks? Diabetes Care 1995; 18(2): 216–219.
76. Pei E, Li J, Lu C et al. Effects of lipids and lipoproteins on diabetic foot in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28(4): 559–564. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.04.002>.
77. Ikura K, Hanai K, Shinjyo T et al. HDL cholesterol as a predictor for the incidence of lower extremity amputation and wound-related death in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239(2): 465–469. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.006>.
78. Murch O, Collin M, Hinds CJ et al. Lipoproteins in inflammation and sepsis. I. Basic science. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33(1): 13–24. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134–006–0432-y>.
79. Young MJ, McCardle JE, Randall LE et al. Improved survival of diabetic foot ulcer patients 1995–2008: possible impact of aggressive cardiovascular risk management. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(11): 2143–2147. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc08–1242>.
80. Aung PP, Maxwell HG, Jepson RG et al. Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (4): CD000123. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000123.pub2>.
81. Paraskevas KI, Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP. Statins and noncardiac vascular disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2012; 27(4): 392–397. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0b013e328353add9>.
82. Deplanque D, Gelé P, Pétrault O et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation as a mechanism of preventive neuroprotection induced by chronic fenofibrate treatment. J Neurosci 2003; 23(15): 6264–6271.
83. Fazio S, Linton MF. Fenofibrate and risk of minor amputations in diabetes. Lancet 2009; 373(9677): 1740–1741. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(09)60959–4>.
84. American Diabetes Association. 10. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(Suppl 1): S88-S98. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S013>. Erratum in Erratum. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care. Sec. 10. In Standards of Medical Care. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(7):986. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc17-er07c>.
85. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S et al. [Authors/Task Force Members]. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2016; 37(29): 2315–2381. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106>.
Štítky
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicineČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Internal Medicine
2018 Číslo 1
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Familial combined hyperlipidemia – the most common genetic dyslipidemia in population and in patients with premature atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease
- Epidemiology of hypercholesterolemia
- Diabetic dyslipidemia and microvascular complications of diabetes
- The current position of hydrochlorothiazide among thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics