Clinical Importance and Possible Detection of Micrometastases in Spinocellular Carcinoma of Head and Neck

Česká verzia

Authors: P. Čelakovský ¹; D. Kalfeřt ¹; Viktor Chrobok ¹ ; J. Laco ²
Authors place of work: Klinika otorinolaryngologie a chirurgie hlavy a krku LF UK a Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové ; přednosta prof. MUDr. V. Chrobok, CSc., Ph. D. Fingerlandův ústav patologie LF UK a Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové ¹; přednosta prof. MUDr. A. Ryška, Ph. D. ²
Published in the journal: Otorinolaryngol Foniatr, 62, 2013, No. 4, pp. 209-213.
Category: Survey Articles

Summary

The presence of absence of detectable neck metastases is presently considered as one of the most important prognostic factors in spinocellular carcinoma of head and neck especially in HPV negative tumors. The terminology of metastatic affection of neck nodes should consistently differentiated among macrometastases, occult metastases, micrometastases and isolated tumor cells (ITC). While the prognostic effect of ITC demonstration in the lymph node remains uncertain, the determination of metastases can be considered as clinically significant. Micrometastases and ITC are not detectable by common clinical diagnostic methods and need not me determined even by standard histological examination. For their determination the immunohistochemical and molecular genetic methods are used most often. Since the demonstration of micrometastases indicated possible further growth of tumor tissue, it can be recommended to perform elective neck dissection in tumors with a higher tendency to form micrometastases.

Keywords:
neck metastases, micrometastases, isolated tumor cells

Zdroje

1. Barrera, J. E., Miller, M. E., Said, S., Jafek, B. W., Campana, J. P., Shroyer, K. R.: Detection of occult cervical micrometastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer. Laryngoscope, 113, 2003, s. 892-896.

2. Devaney, K. O., Rinaldo, A., Ferlito, A.: Micrometastases in cervical lymph nodes from patients with squamous carcinoma of the head and neck: should they be actively sought? Maybe. Am. J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 28, 2007, s. 271-274.

3. Dowlatshahi, K., Fan, M., Bloom, K. J., Spitz, D. J., Patel, S., Snider, H. C. Jr.: Occult metastases in the sentinel lymph nodes of patients with early stage breast carcinoma: A preliminary study. Cancer, 86, 1999, s. 990-996.

4. Ferlito, A., Rinaldo, A., Devaney, K. O., Nakashiro, K . I., Hamakawa, A.: Detection of lymph node micrometastases in patients with squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol., 265, 2008, s. 1147-1153.

5. Ferlito, A., Rinaldo, A.: False negative conventional histology of lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancer. ORL, 62, 2000, s. 112-114.

6. Ferlito, A., Partridge, M., Brennan, J., Hamakawa, H.: Lymph node micrometastases in head and neck cancer: A review. Acta Otolaryngol. 121, 2001, s. 660–665.

7. Ferlito, A., Shaha, A. R., Rinaldo, A.: The incidence of lymph node micrometastases in patiens pathologically staged N0 in cancer of oral cavity and oropharynx. Oral Oncol., 38, 2002, s. 3-5.

8. Gard, A. D., Nowis, D., Golab, J., Vandenabeele, P., Krysko, A.V., Agostinis, P.: Immunogenic cell death, DAMPs and anticancer therapeutics: an emerging amalgamation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1805, 2010, s. 53-71.

9. Hamakawa, H., Fukizumi, M., Bao, Y., Sumida, T., Onishi, A., Tanioka, H., Sato, H., Yumoto, E.: Genetic diagnosis of micrometastasis based on SCC antigen mRNA in cervical lymph nodes of head and neck cancer. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 17, 1999, s. 593-599.

10. Hamakawa, H., Fukizumi, M., Bao, Y., Sumida, T., Kayahara, H., Onishi, A., Sogowa, K.: Keratin mRNA for detecting micrometastasis in cervical lymph nodes of oral cancer. Cancer Lett., 160, 2000, s. 115-123.

11. Christensen, A., Bilde, A., Therkildsen, M. H., Mortensen, J., Charabi, B., Kirkegaard, J., Specht, L., von Buchwald, Ch.: The prevalence of occult metastases in nonsentinel lymph nodes after step-serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry in cN0 oral squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoskope, 121, 2011, s. 294-298.

12. Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., Kepp, O., Zitvogel, L.: Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 31, 2013, s. 51-72.

13. Krysko, D. V., Garg, A. D., Kaczmarek, A., Krysko, O., Agostinis, P., Vandenabeele, P.: Immunogenic cell death and DAMPs in cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 12, 2012, s. 860-875.

14. Mnejja, M., Hammami, B., Bougacha, L., Chakroun, A., Charfeddine, I., Khabir, A., Boudaoura, T., Ghorbel, A.: Occult lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Therapeutic and prognostic impact. Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis., 127, 2010, s. 173-176.

15. Negm, H., Mosleh, M., Fathy, H., Hareedy, A., Elbattawy, A.: Cytokeratin immunohistochemically detected nodal micrometastases in N0 laryngeal cancer: impact on the overall occult metastases. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol., 270, 2013, s. 1085-1092.

16. Nieuwenhuis, E. J., Leemans, C. R., Kummer, J. A., Denkers, F., Snow, G. B., Brakenhoff, R .H.: Assessment and clinical significance of micrometastases in lymph nodes of head and neck cancer patients detected by E-48 (Ly-6D) quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Lab. Invest., 83, 2003, s. 1233-1240.

17. Novosad, J.: Význam krčních lymfatických uzlin v kancerogenezi a dalším šíření nádoru. In: Čelakovský, P., Plzák, J., Betka, J. a kol.: Krční metastázy. Tobiáš, 2012, s. 38-45.

18. Prenzel, K. L., Holscher, A. H., Drebber, U., Agavonova, M., Gutschow, C.A., Bollschweiler, E.: Prognostic impact of nodal micrometastasis in early esophageal cancer. EJSO, 38, 2012, s. 314-318.

19. Rhee, D., Wenig, B. M., Smith, R. V.: The significance of immunohistochemically demonstrated nodal micrometastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope, 112, 2002, s. 1970-1974.

20. Shores, C. G., Yin, X., Funkhouser, W., Yarbrough, W.: Clinical evaluation of a new molecular method for detection of micrometastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 130, 2004, s. 937-942.

21. Sobin, L. H., Gospodarowicz, M. K., Wittekind, Ch.: TNM klasifikace zhoubných novotvarů. 7. vydání, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 (česká verze 2011).

22. Starska, K., Lukomski, M., Stasikowska, O., Lewy-Trenda, I.: Prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinases type I expression and tumor front parameters in the presence of lymph node micrometastases in carcinoma of the larynx. Adv. Med. Sci., 52, 2007, s. 169-173.

23. Štefanička, P., Valach, M., Profant, M.: Incidencia regionálnych okultních mikrometastáz pri karcinómoch hlavy a krku. Otorinolaryng. a Foniat. /Prague/, 60, 2011, s. 26-32.

24. Tesniere, A., Panaretakis, T., Kepp, O., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Zitvogel, L., Kroemer, G.: Molecular characteristics of immunogenic cancer cell death. Cell. Death. Differ., 15, 2008, s. 3-12.

25. Tsujimoto, M., Nakabayashi, K., Yoshidome, K., Kaneko, T., Iwase, T, Akiyama, F., Kato, Y., Tsuda, H., Ueda, S., Sato, K., Tamaki, Y., Noguchi, S., Kataoka, T. R., Nakajima, H., Komoike, Y., Inaji, H., Tsugawa, K., Suzuki, K., Nakamura, S., Daitoh, M., Otomo, Y., Matsuura, N.: One-step nucleic acid amplification for intraoperative detection of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res., 13, 2007, s. 4807-4816.

26. Xu, Y., Zhao, X., Guan, M., Li, B., Zhou, Y., Zhou, F.: Determination of lymph node micrometastases in patients with supraglottic carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol., 127, 2007, s. 1188-1195.

27. Yamazaki, Y., Chiba, I., Hirai, A., Satoh, C., Sakakibara, N., Notani, K., Iizuka, T., Totsuka, Y.: Clinical value of genetically diagnosed lymph node micrometastasis for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck, 27, 2005, s. 676-681.

28. Yoshida, K., Kashima, K., Suenaga, A., Nomi, N., Shuto, J., Suzuki, M.: Immunohistochemical detection of cervical lymph node micrometastases from T2N0 tongue cancer. Acta Otolaryngol., 125, 2005, s. 654-658.