Skull Base Surgery
Authors:
M. Sameš 1–3; P. Vachata 1–3; A. Zolal 1–3; T. Radovnický 1–3; J. Ceé 1; F. Cihlář 4
Authors place of work:
Krajská zdravotní a. s., Masarykova nemocnice v Ústí nad Labem, o. z.
Neurochirurgická klinika Univerzity J. E. Purkyně
1; Krajská zdravotní a. s., Masarykova nemocnice v Ústí nad Labem, o. z.
Anatomická laboratoř baze lební Univerzity J. E. Purkyně
2; Krajská zdravotní a. s., Masarykova nemocnice v Ústí nad Labem, o. z.
Komplexní cerebrovaskulární centrum
3; Krajská zdravotní a. s., Masarykova nemocnice v Ústí nad Labem, o. z.
Radiologické oddělení
4
Published in the journal:
Cesk Slov Neurol N 2013; 76/109(4): 402-424
Category:
Minimonografie
Summary
Skull base surgery deals with surgical management of congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, vascular and neoplastic pathologies in the most complex anatomical region of the human body. Extensive development of this subspecialty started in the 1980s and was enabled by the introduction of a surgical microscope, improved microanatomy knowledge (especially topographic relationship of cranial nerves, cerebral vessels and intrapyramidal structures of the temporal bone), developments in neuroimaging (CT, MRI) and advance of neuroanesthesia. However, an intense and systematic interdisciplinary collaboration between neurosurgeons, otorhinolaryngologists and maxillofacial surgeons was the most important prerequisite. In the paper, the large area of the skull base is divided anatomically to the anterior, posterior, middle fossa and the central skull base. The main attention is paid to skull base neoplasms with an emphasis on the initial symptoms and early diagnosis, as this is crucial for surgical treatment. Vascular pathologies, facial nerve reconstruction and pituitary lesions are beyond the scope of this paper. Definition of this field of medicine and its goals has led to the introduction of special anatomical laboratories, international cooperation and systematic education of these technically demanding and time-consuming surgical procedures. Consequently, these procedures ceased to be an exclusive domain of a few most advanced neurosurgeons in the world and the lesions became successfully treated in many countries. The paper also summarizes the development of the global and European skull base societies and a separate chapter is dedicated to the development of this subspecialization in the Czech Republic.
Key words:
skull base surgery – microsurgery – surgical approaches
Zdroje
1. Samii M, Draf W. Surgery of the skull base. An interdisciplinary approach. Berlin: Springer Verlag 1989: 1– 2.
2. Donald PJ. History of skull base surgery. In: Donald PJ (ed). Surgery of the skull base. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑ Raven Publishers 1998: 3– 12.
3. Wanibuchi M, Friedman AH, Fukushima T. Photo atlas of skull base dissection. Techniques and operative approaches. New York: Thieme 2009.
4. Welling DB, Packer MD. Stereotactic radiation treatment of benign tumors of the cranial basae. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ et al (eds). Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier 2010.
5. Hanna EY, DeMonte F. Comprehensive management of skull base tumors. New York: Informa Healthcare 2009.
6. Sameš M, Vachata P. Historie a současnost chirurgie baze lební. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2003; 66/ 99(5): 315– 322.
7. Bramann F. Uber die Dermoide der Nase. Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir 1890; 40: 101.
8. Tessier P. The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis. Cruzon’s and Apert’s disease. Plast Reconstr Surg 1971; 48(5): 419– 442.
9. Converse JM, McCarthy JG, Wood‑ Smith D, Coccaro PJ. Principles of craniofacial surgery. In: Converse J (ed). Reconstructive plastic surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders 1977.
10. Munro JR, Das SK. Improving results in orbital hypertelorism correction. Ann Plast Surg 1979; 2(6): 499– 507.
11. David DJ, Paswillo D, Simpson D. The craniosynostoses. Berlin: Springer 1982.
12. van der Meulen JC, Mazda R, Vermey‑ Keers C, Stricker M, Raphael B. A morphogenetic classification of craniofacial malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983; 71(4): 560– 572.
13. Haberl H, Hell B, Zöckler MJ, Zachow S, Lamecker H, Sarrafzadeh A et al. Technical aspects and results of surgery for craniosynostosis. Zentralbl Neurochir 2004; 65(2): 65– 74.
14. Schaller BJ, Filis A, Merten HA, Buchfelder M. Premature craniosynostosis – the role of skull base surgery in its correction. A surgical and radiological experience of 172 operated infants/ children. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012; 40(3): 195– 200.
15. Kozák J, Škodová I, Beneš V, Neméth T. Nové možnosti operačního řešení kraniofaciálních malformací. Čs Pediatrie 1984; 39(8): 468– 473.
16. Kozak J, Skodova I, Nemeth T, Benes V. Modern surgical possibilities in craniofacial malformations. Rozhl Chir 1985; 64(7): 511– 518.
17. Skodova I, Kozak J. Surgical treatment of craniosynostosis in children. Acta Chir Plast 1986; 28(1): 7– 13.
18. Mraček Z. Kraniocerebrální poranění. Praha: Avicenum 1988.
19. Meco C, Oberascher G, Arrer E, Moser G, Albegger K. Beta‑trace protein test: new guidelines for the reliable diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129(5): 508– 517.
20. Wang X, Xu M, Liang H, Xu L. Comparison of CT and MRI in diagnosis of cerebrospinal leak induced by multiple fractures of skull base. Radiol Oncol 2011; 45(2): 91– 96.
21. Brihaye J. Transcranial decopression of optic nerve after trauma. In: Samii M, Jannetta PJ (eds). The Cranial nerves. Berlin: Springer 1981: 116– 124.
22. Lübben B, Stoll W, Grenzebach U. Optic nerve decompression in the comatose and conscious patients after trauma. Laryngoscope 2001; 111(2): 320– 328.
23. Levin LA, Beck RW, Joseph MP, Seiff S, Kraker R. The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International Optic Nerve Trauma Study. Ophthalmology 1999; 106(7): 1268– 1277.
24. Levin LA, Baker RS. Management of traumatic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 2003; 23(1): 72– 75.
25. Blum EM, Larson A. Mucocele of the sphenoid sinus with sudden blindness. Laryngoscope 1973; 83(12): 2042– 2049.
26. DeMonte F. Surgical treatment of anterior basal meningiomas. J Neurooncol 1996; 29(3): 239– 248.
27. Drummond KJ, Zhu JJ, Black PM. Meningiomas: updating basic science, management, and outcome. Neurologist 2004; 10(3): 113– 130.
28. Yasargil MG. Microneurosurgery of CNS tumors. Volume IVB. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers 1996.
29. Fukushima T, Sameshima T. Manual of skull base dissection. 2nd ed. Raleigh: AF‑ Neuro Video, Inc 2004.
30. Nakamura M, Struck M, Roser F, Vorkapic P, Samii M.Olfactory groove meningiomas: clinical outcome and recurrence rates after tumor removal through the frontolateral and bifrontal approach. Neurosurgery 2007; 60(5): 844– 852.
31. Sekhar LN, Nanda A, Sen CN, Snyderman CN, Janecka IP. The extended frontal approach to tumors of the anterior, middle, and posterior skull base. J Neurosurg 1992; 76(2): 198– 206.
32. Jho HD, Ha HG. Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: part 1 – the midline anterior fossa skull base. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2004; 47(1): 1– 8.
33. Jho HD, Alfieri A. Endoscopic glabellar approach to the anterior skull base: a technical note. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2002; 45(3): 185– 188.
34. de Almeida JR, Snyderman CH, Gardner PA, Carrau RL, Vescan AD. Nasal morbidity following endoscopic skull base surgery: prospective cohort study. Head Neck 2011; 33(4): 547– 551.
35. Frazier JL, Chaichana K, Jallo GI, Quiñones‑ Hinojosa A. Combined endoscopic and microscopic management of pediatric region tumors through one nostril: technical note with case illustrations. Childs Nerv Syst 2008; 24(12): 1469– 1478.
36. McLean JN, Nunley SR, Klass C, Moore C, Müller S,Johnstone PA. Combined modality therapy of esthesioneuroblastoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 136(6): 998– 1002.
37. Bales C, Kotapka M, Loevner LA, Al‑ Rawi M, Weinstein G, Hurst R et al. Craniofacial resection of advanced juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128(9): 1071– 1078.
38. Cummings BJ, Blend R, Keane T, Fitzpatrick P, Beale F, Clark R et al. Primary radiation therapy for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Laryngoscope 1984; 94 (12 Pt 1): 1599– 1605.
39. Wei WI, Sham JS. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet 2005; 365(9476): 2041– 2054.
40. Chan AT, Hui EP, Leung SF. ESMO Guidelines working group. Nasopharyngeal cancer: ESMO clinical recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow‑up. Ann Oncol 2007; 18 (Suppl 2): ii67– ii68.
41. Pommier P, Liebsch NJ, Deschler DG, Lin DT, McIntyre JF, Barker FG 2nd et al. Proton beam radiation therapy for skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 132(11): 1242– 1249.
42. Mori Y, Kobayashi T, Kida Y, Oda K, Shibamoto Y,Yoshida J. Stereotactic radiosurgery as a salvage treatment for recurrent skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2005; 83(5– 6): 202– 207.
43. Ketcham AS, Hoye RC, Van Buren JM, Johnson RH, Smith RR. Complications of intracranial facial resection for tumors of the paranasal sinuses. Am J Surg 1966; 112(4): 591– 596.
44. Patel SG, Singh B, Polluri A, Bridger PG, Cantu G,Cheesman AD et al. Craniofacial surgery for malignant skull base tumors: report of an international collaborative study. Cancer 2003; 98(6): 1179– 1187.
45. Casler JD, Doolittle AM, Mair EA. Endoscopic surgery of the anterior skull base. Laryngoscope 2005; 115(1): 16– 24.
46. Liu JK, Niazi Z, Couldwell WT. Reconstruction of the skull base after tumor resection: an overview of methods. Neurosurg Focus 2002; 12(5): e9.
47. Sasaki CT, Ariyan S, Spencer D, Buckwalter J. Pectoralis major myocutaneous reconstruction of the anterior skull base. Laryngoscope 1985; 95(2): 162– 166.
48. Pusic AL, Chen CM, Patel S, Cordeiro PG, Shah JP. Microvascular reconstruction of the skull base: a clinical approach to surgical defect classification and flap selection. Skull Base 2007; 17(1): 5– 15.
49. Vachata P, Sameš M. Anatomické a klinické poznámky k poloze jugulárního bulbu. Otorinolaryng a Foniat (Prague) 2003; 52(1): 10– 13.
50. Vachata P, Petrovicky P, Sames M. An anatomical and radiological study of the high jugular bulb on high‑resolution CT scans and alcohol‑ fixed skull of adults. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17(4): 473– 478.
51. Roundy N, Delashaw JB, Cetas JS. Preoperative identification of the facial nerve in patients with large cerebellopontine angle tumors using high‑density diffusion tensor imaging. J Neurosurg 2012; 116(4): 697– 702.
52. Gerganov VM, Giordano M, Samii M, Samii A. Diffusion tensor imaging‑based fiber tracking for prediction of the position of the facial nerve in relation to large vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg 2011; 115(6): 1087– 1093.
53. Nakai T, Koyama J, Fujita A, Taniguchi M, Kohmura E. Preoperative detection of the facial nerve location using balanced fast field echo and diffusion tensor imaging in patients with large cerebellopontine angle tumors. J Neurol Surg B 2012; 73: A267.
54. Liu P, Saida Y, Yoshioka H, Itai Y. MR imaging of epidermoids at the cerebellopontine angle. Magn Reson Med Sci 2003; 2(3): 109– 115.
55. Vachata P, Sameš M, Cee J, Bartoš R. Peroperační elektromyografická monitorace v chirurgii baze lební. Otorinolaryng a Foniat (Prague) 2005; 54(1): 3– 9.
56. Spetzler RF, Sanai N. The quiet revolution: retractorless surgery for complex vascular and skull base lesions. J Neurosurg 2012; 116(2): 291– 300.
57. Rutherford SA, King AT. Vestibular schwannoma management: What is the best option? Br J Neurosurg 2005; 19(4): 309– 316.
58. Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC. Acoustic tumors: operation versus radiation – making sense of opposing viewpoints. Part II. Acoustic neuromas: sorting our management options. Clin Neurosurg 2003; 50: 313– 328.
59. Godefroy WP, Kaptein AA, Vogel JJ, van der Mey AG. Conservative treatment of vestibular schwannoma: a follow‑up study on clinical and QOL outcome. Otol Neurotol 2009; 30(7): 968– 974.
60. Hayhurst C, Zadeh G. Tumor pseudoprogression following radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14(1): 87– 92.
61. Arthurs BJ, Fairbanks RK, Demakas JJ, Lamoreaux WT, Giddings NA, Mackay AR et al. A review of treatment modalities for vestibular schwannoma. Neurosurg Rev 2011; 34(3): 265– 277.
62. Rand RW, Kurze TL. Facial nerve preservation by posterior fossa transmeatal microdissection in total removal of acoustic tumor. J Neurol Neurosurg Prychiatry 1965; 28: 311– 316.
63. House WF. Transtemporal bone microsurgical removal of acoustic neuromas. Arch Otolaryngol 1964; 80: 597– 756.
64. Sameš M, Vachata P. Manual of the transtemporal approaches. Praha: Galén 2003: 17– 25.
65. Seol HJ, Kim CH, Park CK, Kim CH, Kim DG, Chung YS. Optimal extent of resection in vestibular schwannoma surgery: relationship to recurrence and facial nerve preservation. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2006; 46(4): 176– 181.
66. Samii M, Gerganov V, Samii A. Improved preservation of hearing and facial nerve function in vestibular schwannoma surgery via the retrosigmoid approach in a series of 200 patients. J Neurosurg 2006; 105(4): 527– 535.
67. Spector GJ, Gado M, Ciralsky R, Ogura JH, Maisel RH. Neurologic implications of glomus tumors in the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1975; 85(8): 1387– 1395.
68. Fisch U, Fagan P, Valavanis A. The infratemporal fossa approach for the lateral skull base. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1984; 17(3): 513– 552.
69. Jackson CG. Basic surgical principles of neurotologic skull base surgey. Laryngoscope 1993; 103 (11 Pt 2 Suppl 60): 29– 44.
70. Al‑ Mefty O, Teixeira A. Complex tumors of the glomus jugulare: criteria, treatment, and outcome. J Neurosurg 2002; 97(6): 1356– 1366.
71. Ramina R, Maniglia JJ, Fernandes YB, Paschoal JR, Pfeilsticker LN, Neto MC et al. Jugular foramen tumors: diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurg Focus 2004; 17(2): E5.
72. Carrier DA, Arriaga MA, Gorum MJ, Dahlen RT, Johnson SP. Preoperative embolization of anastomoses of the jugular bulb: an adjuvant in jugular foramen surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18(7): 1252– 1256.
73. Sen C, Hague K, Kacchara R, Jenkins A, Das S,Catalano P. Jugular foramen: microscopic anatomic features and implications for neural preservation with reference to glomus tumors involving the temporal bone. Neurosurgery 2001; 48(4): 838– 847.
74. Gottfried ON, Liu JK, Couldwell WT. Comparison of radiosurgery and conventional surgery for the treatment of glomus jugulare tumors. Neurosurg Focus 2004; 17(2): E4.
75. Michael LM 2nd, Robertson JH. Glomus jugulare tumors: historical overview of the management of this disease. Neurosurg Focus 2004; 17(2): E1.
76. Teixeira A, Al‑ Mefty O, Husain MM. Paragangliomas of the skull base. In: Berger MS, Prados MD (eds). Textbook of Neuro‑Oncology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier 2004: 366– 370.
77. Wilson MA, Hillman TA, Wiggins RH, Shelton C. Jugular foramen schwannoma: diagnosis, management, and outcomes. Laryngoscope 2005; 115(8): 1486– 1492.
78. Eldevik OP, Gabrielsen TO, Jacobsen EA. Imaging findings in schwannomas of the jugular foramen. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21(6): 1139– 1144.
79. Kadri PA, Al‑ Mefty O. Surgical treatment of dumbbell‑ shaped jugular foramen schwannomas. Neurosurg Focus 2004; 17(2): E9.
80. Muthukumar N, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC. Stereotactic radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas. Surg Neurol 1999; 52(2): 172– 179.
81. Amautovic KI, Al‑ Mefty O. Primary meningiomas of the jugular fossa. J Neurosurg 2002; 97(1): 12– 20.
82. Ramina R, Neto MC, Fernandes YB, Aquiar PH, de Meneses MS, Torres LF. Meningiomas of the jugular foramen. Neurosurg Rev 2006; 29(1): 55– 60.
83. Couldwell WT, Cole CD, Al‑ Mefty O. Patterns of skull base meningioma progression after failed radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2007; 106(1): 30– 35.
84. Sekhar LN, Altschuler EM. Meningiomas of the cavernous sinus. In: Al‑ Mefty O (ed). Meningiomas. New York: Raven Press 1991: 445– 460.
85. Kawase T, Shiobara R, Toya S. Anterior transpetrosal‑ transtentorial approach for sphenopetroclival meningiomas: surgical method and results in 10 patients. Neurosurgery 1991; 28(6): 869– 876.
86. Sameš M, Vachata P. Přední transpetrózní přístup k nádorům petroklivální oblasti: chirurgická technika a srovnání s retrosigmoideálním (RISA) přístupem. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2006; 69/ 102(4): 296– 301.
87. Baaj AA, Agazzi S, van Loveren R. Tumors of the middle cranial fossa. In: Hanna EY, DeMonte F (eds). Comprehensive management of skull base tumors. New York: Informa Healthcare 2009: 367– 374.
88. Tzortzidis F, Elahi F, Wright DC, Temkin N, Natarajan SK, Sekhar LN. Patient outcome at long‑term follow‑up after aggressive microsurgical resection of cranial base chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 2006; 58(6): 1090– 1098.
89. Hug EB, Slater JD. Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2000; 11(4): 627– 638.
90. Noel G, Feuvert L, Ferrand R, Boisserie G, Mazeron JJ, Habrand JL. Radiotherapeutic factors in the management of cervical‑ basal chordomas and chondrosarsomas. Neurosurgery 2004; 55(6): 1252– 1260.
91. Krishnan S, Foote RL, Brown PD, Pollock BE, Link MJ, Garces YI. Radiosurgery for cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 2005; 56(4): 777– 784.
92. Barnes EL, Kapadia SB, Nemzek WR. Biology of selected skull base tumors. In: Janecka IP, Tiedmann K(eds). Skull Base Surgery: Anatomy, Biology, and Technology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott‑ Raven 1997: 263– 292.
93. Larson TC 3rd, Houser OW, Laws ER jr. Imaging of cranial chordomas. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62(10): 886– 893.
94. Šercl M, Klzo L. Báze lební – úskalí zobrazení. Ces Radiol 2007; 61(3): 304– 307.
95. Meyers SP, Hirsch WL Jr, Curtin HD, Barnes L,Sekhar LN, Sen C. Chordomas of the skull base: MR features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13(6): 1627– 1636.
96. Colli BO, Al‑ Mefty O. Chordomas of the skull base: follow‑up review and prognostic factors. Neurosurg Focus 201; 10(3): E1.
97. Chang SD, Martin DP, Lee E, Adler JR Jr. Stereotactic radiosurgery and hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for residual or recurrent cranial base and cervical chordomas. Neurosurg Focus 2001; 10(3): E5.
98. Coffin CM, Swanson PE, Wick MR, Dehner LP. Chordoma in childhood and adolescence. A clinicopathologic analysis of 12 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993; 117(9): 927– 933.
99. Borba LA, Al‑ Mefty O, Mrak RE, Suen J. Cranial chordomas inchildren and adolescents. J Neurosurg 1996; 84(4): 584– 591.
100. Forsyth PA, Cascino TL, Shaw EG, Scheithauer BW, O’Fallon JR, Dozier JC et al. Intracranial chordomas: a clinicopathological and prognostic study of 51 cases. J Neurosurg 1993; 78(5): 741– 747.
101. Amendola BE, Amendola MA, Oliver E, McClatchey KD. Chordoma: role of radiation therapy. Radiology 1986; 158(3): 839– 843.
102. Black P. Spinal metastasis: current status and recommended guidelines for management. Neurosurgery 1979; 5(6): 726– 746.
103. Raskas DS, Graziano GP, Herzenberg JE, Heidelberger KP, Hensinger RN. Osteoid osteoma and osteonlastoma of the spine. J Spinal Discord 1992; 5(2): 204– 211.
104. Fourney DR, Schomer DF, Nader R, Chlan‑ Fourney J, Suki D, Ahrar K et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for painful vertebral body fractures in cancer patients. J Neurosurg 2003; 98 (Suppl 1): 21– 30.
105. Hentschel SJ, Burton AW, Fourney DR, Rhines LD, Mendel E. Pecutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty performed at a cancer center: refuting proposed contraindications. J Neurosurg Spine 2005; 2(4): 436– 440.
106. Schwartz TH, Rhiew R, Isaacson SR, Orazi A, Bruce JN. Association between intracranial plasmocytoma and multiple myeloma: clinicopathological outcome study. Neurosurgery 2001; 49(5): 1039– 1044.
107. Crockard HA. Transoral approach to intra/ extradural tumors. In: Sekhar LN, Janecka IP (eds). Surgery of cranial base tumors. New York: Raven Press 1993: 225– 234.
108. Beals SP, Joganic EF, Spetzler RF. Classification of transfacial approaches in treatment of tumors of the anterior skull base and clivus. Plast Surg Forum 1993; 16: 211– 213.
109. Stippler M, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM, Kassam AB. Endoscopic endonasal approach for clival chordomas. Neurosurgery 2009; 64(2): 268– 277.
110. Fraser JF, Nyquist GG, Moore N, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal transclival resection of chordomas: operative technique, clinical outcome, and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2010; 112(5): 1061– 1069.
111. Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DM, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. The endoscope‑ assisted ventral approach compared with open microscope‑ assisted surgery for clival chordomas. World Neurosurg 2011; 76(3– 4): 318– 327.
112. Vachata P, Sameš M. Posterolaterální transkondylární přístup do oblasti foramen magnum. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2002; 65/ 98(4): 250– 255.
113. Zvěřina E, Kozák J. Současné možnosti chirurgie lební báze. Pracovní dny České neurochirurgické společnosti. Praha: Homolka 1991.
114. Vaverka M. Týden světové neurochirurgie v Praze – zpráva z kongresu. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2010; 73/ 106(5): 596– 597.
115. Koos WT, Matula C, Lang J. Color Atlas of Microneurosurgery of Acoustic Neurinomas. New York: Thieme 2002: 88– 94.
116. Simpson D. The recurrence of intracranial meningiomas after surgical treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1957; 20(1): 22– 39.
117. Meyer E. Mi3bildungen und angeborene Störungen. In: Busche KA, Glees P (eds). Chirurgie des Gehirns and Rückenmarks in Kindes- und Jugendalter. Stuttgart: Hippokrates 1968: 948–991.
118. Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang C. Olfactory neuroblastoma: a clinical analysis of 17 cases. Cancer 1976; 37(3): 1571–1576.
119. House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985; 93(2): 146–147.
Štítky
Detská neurológia Neurochirurgia NeurológiaČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Česká a slovenská neurologie a neurochirurgie
![Číslo 4](https://www.prelekara.sk/media/cache/resolve/journal_issue/media/image_pdf/0bfad2b94aee9f261df59168d8b7ea64.jpeg)
2013 Číslo 4
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Tramadol a paracetamol v tlumení poextrakční bolesti
- Fixní kombinace paracetamol/kodein nabízí synergické analgetické účinky
- Je použití metamizolu během prvního trimestru gravidity bezpečné?
- Srovnání analgetické účinnosti metamizolu s ibuprofenem po extrakci třetí stoličky
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Úskalí diagnostiky progresivní multifokální leukoencefalopatie u pacientů infikovaných lidským virem imunodeficience – kazuistiky
- Chirurgie baze lební (uvnitř minimonografie video)
- Neuropsychiatrický pohľad na Huntingtonovu chorobu
- Dysembryoplastický neuroepiteliální tumor a jeho atypická varianta u dětí – kazuistiky