#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#
preLekára.sk / Odborné časopisy / Česká a slovenská oftalmologie / 2024 - 2

Centrální serózní chorioretinopatie. Přehled

Stiahnuť PDF English info

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. A Review

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disease characterized by serous detachment of the neuroretina, especially in the posterior pole of the eye. It is often accompanied by serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and associated with the leakage of fluid into the subretinal space through the defective RPE. CSC most often affects men of working age. The exact pathophysiology of the disease is not completely known. Based on indocyanine green angiography (ICG), which revealed increased permeability of choroidal vessels, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) showing increased choroidal thickness, choroidal vasculopathy is assumed to be the primary cause of CSC. In most cases, CSC has a good prognosis with spontaneous resorption of the subretinal fluid (SRF) and improvement of visual functions. However, in a small percentage of patients the disease progresses to a chronic or recurrent course, and can lead to irreversible functional and anatomical changes of the retina with a final clinical picture of diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy (DRPE). The optimal treatment approach for patients with CSC remains controversial. In recent decades, myriad therapeutic approaches have been used in the treatment of chronic forms of CSC (cCSC); these included for example laser photocoagulation, pharmaceutical treatment, standard photodynamic therapy (PDT) or anti-VEGF. In recent years a less destructive method, specifically PDT in reduced dose regimens, either with a reduced dose of verteporfin or the laser beam energy used, has been preferred in the treatment of cCSC. Comparable efficacy and safety has been demonstrated using reduced-dose or reduced-fluence PDT regimens in patients with cCSC, with an improvement in best-corrected visual acuity and reduction of SRF.

Keywords:

Retinal degeneration – photodynamic therapy – central serous chorioretinopathy – choroidal neovascularization – multimodal imaging

Autori: Manethová Myslík;  Kateřina 1,2
Pôsobisko autorov: Oční oddělení, Fakultní Thomayerova nemocnice, Praha 1;  Fakultní nemocnice Královské Vinohrady a 3. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha 2
Vyšlo v časopise: Čes. a slov. Oftal., 80, 2024, No. 2, p. 59-75
Kategória:
doi: https://doi.org/10.31348/2023/27

Súhrn

Centrální serózní chorioretinopatie (CSC) je onemocnění charakterizované serózním odchlípením neuroretiny zejména v zadním pólu oka. Často je doprovázené serózním odloučením retinálního pigmentového epitelu (RPE) a sdružené s prosakováním tekutiny do subretinálního prostoru skrze defektní RPE. CSC nejčastěji postihuje muže v produktivním věku. Přesná patofyziologie onemocnění není zcela známa. Na základě angiografického vyšetření s indocyaninovou zelení (ICG), která odhalila zvýšenou permeabilitu choroidálních cév, a optické koherenční tomografie (OCT) ukazující zvýšenou tloušťku choroidey se předpokládá choroidální vaskulopatie jako primární příčina vzniku CSC. Ve většině případů má CSC dobrou prognózu se spontánní resorpcí subretinální tekutiny (SRT) a úpravou zrakových funkcí. U malého procenta pacientů však onemocnění přechází do chronického či rekurentního průběhu a může vést k nevratným funkčním i anatomickým změnám sítnice s konečným klinickým obrazem difuzní retinální pigmentové epitelopatie (DRPE). Optimální léčebný přístup k pacientům s CSC zůstává kontroverzní. V posledních dekádách se v léčbě chronických forem CSC (cCSC) používalo nespočet léčebných přístupů; tyto zahrnovaly například laserovou fotokoagulaci, medikamentózní léčbu, standardní fotodynamickou terapii (PDT) či anti-VEGF. V posledních letech se v léčbě cCSC preferuje méně destruktivní metoda, kterou je PDT v redukovaných dávkovacích schématech, ať už s redukovanou dávkou verteporfinu nebo použité energie laserového paprsku. Je prokázána srovnatelná účinnost a bezpečnost při použití redukovaných schémat PDT u pacientů s cCSC, u kterých došlo ke zlepšení nejlépe korigované zrakové ostrosti i redukci SRT. 

Klíčová slova:

Choroidální neovaskularizace – centrální serózní chorioretinopatie – retinální degenerace – multimodální zobrazení – fotodynamická terapie

Zdroje
  1. Atlas of Macular Diseases: Gass JDM. Stereoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment. 4th edition: Mosby, 1997.1061,52-70. ISBN: 978-0815134169.
  2. Haimovici R, Rumelt S, Melby J. Endocrine abnormalities in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(4):698-703.
  3. Spaide RF, Campeas L, Haas A, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy in younger and older adults. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(12):2070-2079.
  4. Imamura Y, Fujiwara T, Margolis R, Spaide RF. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2009;29(10):1469-1473.
  5. Leaver P, Williams C. Argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of central serous retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(10):674-677.
  6. Pikkel J, Beiran I, Ophir A, Miller B. Acetazolamide for central serous retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1723-1725.
  7. Golshahi A, Klingmuller D, Holz FG, Nicole Er. Ketoconazole in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy: a pilot study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;88(5):576-581.
  8. Chan WM, Lam DS, Lai TY, Tam BSM, Liu DTL, Chan CKM. Choroidal vascular remodelling in central serous chorioretinopathy after indocyanine green guided photodynamic therapy with verteporfin: a novel treatment at the primary disease level. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(12):1453-1458.
  9. Huang WC, Chen WL, Tsai YY, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(2):488-489.
  10. Kim YK, Ryoo NK, Woo SJ, Park KH. Comparison of visual and anatomical outcomes of half-fluence and half-dose photodynamic therapy in eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(12):2063-2073.
  11. Karakus SH, Basarir B, Pinarci EY, et al. Long-term results of half-dose photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with contrast sensitivity changes. Eye (Lond). 2013;27(5):612-620.
  12. Reibaldi M, Cardascia N, Longo A, et al. Standard-fluence versus low-fluence photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a nonrandomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010; 149(2):307-315 e2.
  13. Alkin Z, Perente I, Ozkaya A, et al. Comparison of efficacy between low-fluence and half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:685-690.
  14. Chan WM, Lai TY, Lai RY, et al. Safety enhanced photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: one-year results of a prospective study. Retina. 2008;28(1):85-93.
  15. Uetani R, Ito Y, Oiwa K, et al. Half-dose vs one-third-dose photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(5):640-649.
  16. L’Esperance FA. Ophthalmic lasers: Photocoagulation, photoradiation, and surgery. second edition edition, St. Louis, Missouri (USA): The C.V. Mosby Company,1983, p.606. ISBN: 978-0801628238.
  17. Lim JI, Glassman AR, Aiello LP, et al. Collaborative retrospective macula society study of photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(5):1073-1078.
  18. Lim SJ, Roh MI, Kwon OW, Woong OH. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection for central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2010;30(1):100-106.
  19. von Graefe A, Kurzere A. Notizen und casaistische Mitheilungen vermischen Inhalts: VI. Ueber zentrale recidivirende retinitis. Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1866;12:211-215.
  20. Bennet G. Central serous retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1955;39:605-618.
  21. Maumenee AE. Macular Diseases: Clinical Manifestations. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1965;69:605-613.
  22. Gass JDM. Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium: II. Idiopathic central serous choroidopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;63:587-615.
  23. Ryan SJ. Retina. Volume II, 4th edition, Baltimore (USA): Elsevier Mosby, 2006. 1889, 1135-1161. ISBN: 9780323025980.
  24. Gallego-Pinazo R, Dolz-Marco R, Gomez-Ulla F, Mrejen S, Freund KB. Pachychoroid diseases of the macula. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2014;3(4):111-115.
  25. Lehmann M, Bousquet E, Beydoun T, et al. Pachychoroid: an inherited condition? Retina. 2015;35(1):10-16.
  26. How AC, Koh AH. Angiographic characteristics of acute central serous chorioretinopathy in an Asian population. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006;35(2):77-79.
  27. Kunavisarut P, Pathanapitoon K, van Schooneveld M, Rothova A. Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy associated with serous retinal detachment in a series of Asian patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(4):269-277.
  28. Colucciello M. Update on Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Among other findings, reduce-fluence and low-dose PDT look promising. Retinal Physician. 2012:42-47,75-76.
  29. Kitzmann AS, Pulido JS, Diehl NN, Hodge DO, Burke JJ. The incidence of central serous chorioretinopathy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980-2002. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(1):169-173.
  30. Spaide RF, Hall L, Haas A, et al. Indocyanine green videoangiography of older patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 1996;16(3):203-213.
  31. Bouzas EA, Scott MH, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, MD; Kaiser-Kupfer MI. Central serous chorioretinopathy in endogenous hypercortisolism. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(9):1229-1233.
  32. Bouzas EA, Karadimas P, Pournaras CJ. Central serous chorioretinopathy and glucocorticoids. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47(5):431-448.
  33. Harada T, Harada K. Six cases of central serous choroidopathy induced by systemic corticosteroid therapy. Doc Ophthalmol. 1985;60(1):37-44.
  34. Chung H, Kim KH, Kim JG, Lee SY, Yoon YH. Retinal complications in patients with solid organ or bone marrow transplantations. Transplantation. 2007;83(6):694-699.
  35. Haimovici R, Koh S, Gagnon DR, et al. Risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy: a case-control study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(2):244-249.
  36. Horniker E. Su di unaforma di retinite central di originevasoneurotica. Ann Ottalmol. 1927;55:830-840.
  37. Yannuzzi LA. Type A behavior and central serous chorioretinopathy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1986;84:799-845.
  38. Aliferis K, Petropoulos IK, Farpour B, et al. Should central serous chorioretinopathy be added to the list of ocular side effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors? Ophthalmologica. 2012;227(2):85-89.
  39. Michael JC, Pak J, Pulido J, de Venecia G. Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with administration of sympathomimetic agents. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(1):182-185.
  40. Mateo-Montoya A, Mauget-Fayse M. Helicobacter pylori as a risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy: Literature review. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014;5(3):355-358.
  41. Misiuk-Hojlo M, Michalowska M, Turno-Krecicka A. Helicobacter pylori - a risk factor for the developement of the central serous chorioretinopathy. Klin Oczna. 2009;111(1-3):30-32.
  42. Tittl MK, Spaide RF, Wong D, et al. Systemic findings associated with central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(1):63-68.
  43. Moschos MM, Gazouli M, Gatzioufas Z, et al. Prevalence of the Complement Factor H and Gstm1 Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2016;36(2):402-407.
  44. Miki A, Kondo N, Yanagisawa S, Bessho H, Honda S, Negi A. Common variants in the complement factor H gene confer genetic susceptibility to central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(5):1067-1072.
  45. de Jong EK, Breukink MB, Schellevis RL, et al. Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy is associated with genetic variants implicated in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(3):562-570.
  46. Schellevis RL, Van Dijk EHC, Breukink MB, et al. Role of the complement system in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a genome-wide association study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(10):1128-1136.
  47. Yannuzzi LA. Central serous chorioretinopathy: a personal perspective. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(3):361-363.
  48. Schachat APW, C.P.; Hinton, D.R. Ryan’s Retina. Volume II, 6th edition edition: Elsevier, 2018. 2976. ISBN: 978-0-323-40197-5.
  49. Ooto S, Hangai M, Sakamoto A, et al. High-resolution imaging of resolved central serous chorioretinopathy using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(9):1800-1809, 1809 e1-2.
  50. Yap EY, Robertson DM. The long-term outcome of central serous chorioretinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(6):689-692.
  51. Spaide RF, Goldbaum M, Wong DW, Tang KC, Iida, T. Serous detachment of the retina. Retina. 2003;23(6):820-846; quiz 895-896.
  52. Prunte C, Flammer J. Choroidal capillary and venous congestion in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121(1):26-34.
  53. Guyer DR, Yannuzzi LA, Slakter JS, Slakter JS, Sorenson JA, Orlock D. Digital indocyanine green videoangiography of central serous chorioretinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(8):1057-1062.
  54. Spitznas M. Pathogenesis of central serous retinopathy: a new working hypothesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1986;224(4):321-324.
  55. Slakter JS, Yannuzzi LA, Guyer DR, Sorenson JA, Orlock DA. Indocyanine-green angiography. Current Opinion in Ophtalmology. 1995;6(3):25-32.
  56. Hayashi K, Hasegawa Y, Tokoro T. Indocyanine green angiography of central serous chorioretinopathy. Int Ophthalmol. 1986;9(1):37-41.
  57. Tomasso L, Benatti L, Rabiolo A, et al. Retinal vessels functionality in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(2):210-214.
  58. Tittl M, Maar N, Polska E, Weigert G, Stur M. Choroidal hemodynamic changes during isometric exercise in patients with inactive central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(12):4717-4721.
  59. Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H, Dansingani K, Lai TYY, Freund KB. Pachychoroid disease. Eye Lond Engl. 2019;33(1):14-33. doi: 10.1038/s41433-018-0158-4
  60. Negi A, Marmor MF. Mechanisms of subretinal fluid resorption in the cat eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986;27(11):1560-1563.
  61. Wang C, Cao G-F, Jiang Q, Yao J. TNF-a promotes human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell migration by inducing matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) expression through activation of Akt/mTORC1 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;425(1):33-38.
  62. Wakakura M, Ishikawa S. Central serous chorioretinopathy complicating systemic corticosteroid treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68(5):329-331.
  63. Polak BC, Baarsma GS, Snyers B. Diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy complicating systemic corticosteroid treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79(10):922-925.
  64. Haimovici R, Gragoudas ES, Duker JS, Sjaarda RN, Eliott D. Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(10):1653-1660.
  65. Garg SP, Dada T, Talwar D, Biswas NR. Endogenous cortisol profile in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(11):962-964.
  66. Carvalho-Recchia CA, Yannuzzi LA, Negrao S, et al. Corticosteroids and central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1834-1837.
  67. Jampol LM, Weinreb R, Yannuzzi L. Involvement of corticosteroids and catecholamines in the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy: a rationale for new treatment strategies. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1765-1766.
  68. Godel V, Blumenthal M, Regenbogen L. Retrobulbar neuritis and central serous chorioretinopathy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1977;14(5):296-298.
  69. Chaine G, Haouat M, Menard-Molcard C, et al. [Central serous chorioretinopathy and systemic steroid therapy]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2001;24(2):139-146.
  70. Bouzas EA, Moret P, Pournaras CJ. Central serous chorioretinopathy complicating solar retinopathy treated with glucocorticoids. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237(2):166-168.
  71. Gass JD, Slamovits TL, Fuller DG, Gieser RG, Lean JS. Posterior chorioretinopathy and retinal detachment after organ transplantation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(12):1717-1722.
  72. Hadcock JR, Malbon CC. Regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by „permissive“ hormones: glucocorticoids increase steady-state levels of receptor mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85(22):8415-8419.
  73. Sakaue M, Hoffman BB. Glucocorticoids induce transcription and expression of the alpha 1B adrenergic receptor gene in DTT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1991;88(2):385-389.
  74. Makara GB, Haller J. Non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids in the neural system. Evidence, mechanisms and implications. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;65(4):367-390.
  75. Yoshioka H, Katsume Y, Akune H. Experimental central serous chorioretinopathy in monkey eyes: fluorescein angiographic findings. Ophthalmologica. 1982;185(3):168-178.
  76. Iida T, Yannuzzi LA, Spaide RF, Borodoker N, Carvalho CA, Negrão S. Cystoid macular degeneration in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2003;23(1):1-7
  77. Piccolino FC, Eandi CM, Ventre L, Rigault De La Longrais, RC. Grignolo, FM. Photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2003;23(6):752-763.
  78. Piccolino FC, de la Longrais RR, Ravera G, et al. The foveal photoreceptor layer and visual acuity loss in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(1):87-99.
  79. Daruich A, Matet A, Dirani A, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2015;48:82-118.
  80. Chhablani J. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Elsevier Science, 2019.27-34. ISBN: 9780128168004.
  81. Baran NV, Gurlu VP, Esgin H. Long-term macular function in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;33(4):369-372.
  82. Aggio FB, Roisman L, Melo GB, Lavinsky D, Cardillo JA, Farah ME. Clinical factors related to visual outcome in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2010;30(7):1128-1134.
  83. Maruko I, Iida T, Sekiryu T, Saito M. Morphologic changes in the outer layer of the detached retina in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(3):489-494 e1.
  84. Yannuzzi LA, Slakter JS, Kaufman SR, Gupta K. Laser treatment of diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1992;2(3):103-114.
  85. Stefaniotou M, Vourda E, Katsanos A, Aspiotis M. Multifocal central serous chorioretinopathy associated with steroids in a patient with myasthenia gravis. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2013;4:1-6.
  86. Quaranta-El Maftouhi M, El Maftouhi A, Eandi CM. Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy imaged by optical coherence tomographic angiography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(3):581-587 e1.
  87. Bousquet E, Bonnin S, Mrejen S, Krivosic V, Tadayoni R, Gaudric A. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Flat Irregular Pigment Epithelium Detachment in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2018;38(3):629-638.
  88. Bonini Filho MA, de Carlo TE, Ferrara D, et al. Association of Choroidal Neovascularization and Central Serous Chorioretinopathy With Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(8):899-906.
  89. Costanzo E, Cohen SY, Miere A, et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:134783.
  90. Balaratnasingam C, Freund KB, Tan AM, Sarraf D, Jampol LM, Yannuzzi LA. Bullous variant of central serous chorioretinopathy: expansion od phenotypic features using multimethod imaging. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(7):1541-1552.
  91. Yannuzzi LA, Shakin JL, Fisher YL, Altomonte MA. Peripheral retinal detachments and retinal pigment epithelial atrophic tracts secondary to central serous pigment epitheliopathy. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(12):1554-1572.
  92. Coscas G. Atlas of Indocyanine Green Angiography: Fluorescein Angiography, ICG Angiography and OCT Correlations. Paris: Elsevier SAS, 2005. 383, 203-225. ISBN: 2-84299-729-8.
  93. Holz FG. Fluorescence Angiography in Ophthalmology: Fluorescein Angiography, Indocyanine Green Angiography, Fundus Autofluorescence. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. 224, 118-121. ISBN: 978-3-540-78359-6.
  94. Piccolino FC, Borgia L. Central serous chorioretinopathy and indocyanine green angiography. Retina. 1994;14(3):231-242.
  95. Stanga PE, Lim JH, Hamilton P. Indocyanine green angiography in chorioretinal diseases: an evidenced-based update.Ophthalmology. 2003;110(1):15-21.
  96. Yannuzzi LA. Indocyanine green angiography: a perspective on use in the clinical setting. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151(1):745751. e1.
  97. Iida T, Hagimura N, Sato T, Kishi S. Evaluation of central serous chorioretinopathy with optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129(1):16-20.
  98. Ahlers C, Geitzenauer W, Stock G, Golbaz I, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Prünte C. Alterations of intraretinal layers in acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;87(5):511-516.
  99. Yang L, Jonas JB, Wei W. Optical coherence tomography-assisted enhanced depth imaging of central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(7):4659-4665.
  100. Shin YU, Lee BR. Retro-mode imaging for retinal pigment epithelium alterations in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(1):155-163.
  101. Kon Y, Iida T, Maruko I, Saito M. The optical coherence tomography-ophthalmoscope for examination of central serous chorioretinopathy with precipitates. Retina. 2008;28(6):864-869.
  102. Yalcinbayir O, Gelisken O, Akova-Budak B, et al. Correlation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings and visual acuity in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2014;34(4):705-712.
  103. Iacono P, Battaglia PM, Papayannis A, La Spina C, Varano M, Bandello F. Acute central serous chorioretinopathy: a correlation study between fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain OCT. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(11):1889-1897.
  104. Landa G, Barnett JA, Garcia PM, Tai KW, Rosen RB. Quantitative and qualitative spectral domain optical coherence tomography analysis of subretinal deposits in patients with acute central serous retinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 2013;230(2):62-68.
  105. Yang L, Jonas JB, Wei W. Choroidal vessel diameter in central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(5):e358-62.
  106. Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(4):496-500.
  107. Jirarattanasopa P, Ooto S, Tsujikawa A, Hirata M, Matsumoto A, Yoshimura N. Assessment of macular choroidal thickness by optical coherence tomography and angiographic changes in central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(8):1666-1678.
  108. Teussink MM, Breukink MB, van Grinsven MJ, Hoyng CB, Klevering BJ. OCT angiography compared to fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:5229-5237.
  109. Chan SY, Wang Q, Wei WB, Jonas, JB. Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2016;36(11):2051-2058.
  110. Rabiolo A, Zucchiatti I, Marchese A, et al. Multimodal retinal imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy treated with oral eplerenone or photodynamic therapy. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(1):55-66.
  111. Pichi F, Morara M, Veronese C, Ciardella AP. The overlapping spectrum of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment investigated by optical coherence tomography angiography. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(3):975-983.
  112. Kim SK, Kim SW, Oh J, Huh K. Near-infrared and short-wavelength autofluorescence in resolved central serous chorioretinopathy: association with outer retinal layer abnormalities. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(1):157-164 e2.
  113. Zhang P, Wang HY, Zhang ZF, et al. Fundus autofluorescence in central serous chorioretinopathy: association with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. Int J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(5):1003-1007.
  114. Framme C, Walter A, Gabler B, Roider J, Sachs HG, Gabel VP. Fundus autofluorescence in acute and chronic-recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2005;83(2):161-167.
  115. Holz FG, Bindewald-Wittich A, Fleckenstein M, Scholl HPN, Steffen Schmitz-ValckenbergFam-Study Group. Progression of geographic atrophy and impact of fundus autofluorescence patterns in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3):463-472.
  116. Maruko I, Iida T, Ojima A, Sekiryu T. Subretinal dot-like precipitates and yellow materiál in central serous serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2011;31(4):759-765.
  117. Ehrlich R, Mawer NP, Mody CH, Brand CS, Squirrell D. Visual function following photodynamic therapy for central serous chorioretinopathy: a comparison of automated macular microperimetry versus best-corrected visual acuity. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;40(1):e32-39.
  118. Maia A. A New Treatment for Chronic Central Serous Retinopathy: Micropulse yellow laser resolves leakage and retinal detachment without scarring or retinal damage. Retina Today. 2010;2:62-64.
  119. Yip YW, Ngai JW, Fok AC, et al. Correlation between functional and anatomical assessments by multifocal electroretinography and optical coherence tomography in central serous chorioretinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol. 2010;120(2):193-200.
  120. Lai TY, Lai RY, Ngai JW, Chan WM, Li H, Lam DSC. First and second-order kernel multifocal electroretinography abnormalities in acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008;116(1):29-40.
  121. Caccavale A, Romanazzi F, Imparato M, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: a pathogenetic model. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:239-243.
  122. Klein ML, Van Buskirk EM, Friedman E, Gragoudas ES, Chandra SR. Experience with nontreatment of central serous choroidopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91(4):247-250.
  123. Chrapek O, Rehak J. Léčba centrální serózní chorioretiniopatie-naše zkušenosti. [Treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy-personal experience]. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2002;58(1):51-56. Czech.
  124. Alkin Z, Osmanbasoglu OA, Ozkaya A, Karatas G, Yazici AT, Demirok A. Topical nepafenac in treatment of acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2013;2(4):96-101.
  125. Schwartz R, Habot-Wilner Z, Martinez MR, et al. Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy-a randomized controlled prospective study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(7):e610-e618.
  126. Rahimy E, Pitcher JD, 3rd, Hsu J, et al. A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Control Pilot Study of Eplerenone for the Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (Ecselsior). Retina. 2018;38(5):962-969.
  127. Cakir B, Fischer F, Ehlken C, et al. Clinical experience with eplerenone to treat chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254(11):2151-2157.
  128. Boscia F. When to treat and when not to treat patient with central serous retinopathy. Retina Today. [online], April 2010. Available from: https://retinatoday.com/articles/2010-apr/when-to-treat-and-not-to-treat-patients-with-central-serous-retinopathy
  129. Gilbert CM, Owens SL, Smith PD, Fine SL. Long-term follow-up of central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophhalmol. 1984;68(11):815-820.
  130. Gass JD. Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;63(3 Suppl):1-139.
  131. Dougherty TJ, Gomer CJ, Henderson BW, et al. Photodynamic therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(12):889-905.
  132. Yannuzzi LA, Slakter JS, Gross NE, et al. Indocyanine green angiography-guided photodynamic therapy for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a pilot study. Retina. 2003;23(3):288-298.
  133. Koss M. Treating Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: The goal is a treatment with inceased Access and decreased effects. Retina Today. 2013;8:68-70.
  134. Lai TY, Chan WM, Li H, Lai RYK, Liu DTL, Lam DSC. Safety enhanced photodynamic therapy with half dose verteporfin for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a short term pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(7):869-874.
  135. Fujita K, Imamura Y, Shinoda K, Hashizume K, Mizota A, Yuzawa M. One-year outcomes with half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(3):555-561.
  136. Tseng CC, Chen SN. Long-term efficacy of half-dose photodynamic therapy on chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(8):1070-1077.
  137. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Hasan T. Mechanisms of action of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;45(3):195-214.
  138. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Laqua H, Schlotzer-Schrehard U, Viestenz A, Naumann GOH. Histopathological changes following photodynamic therapy in human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):835-844.
  139. Maier M, Valet V, Feucht N, Lohmann CP. Therapieoption bei chronischer Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa [Therapy options for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy]. Ophthalmologe. 2011;108(11):1027-1031. German.
  140. Stanga PE, Lim JI, Hamilton P. Indocyanine green angiography in chorioretinal diseases: indications and interpretation: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(1):15-21; quiz 22-3.
  141. Nicolo M, Eandi CM, Alovisi C, et al. Half-fluence versus half-dose photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(5):1033-1037.
  142. van Dijk EHC, Fauser S, Breukink MB, Downes SM, Hoyng CB, Boon CJF. Half-dose photodynamic therapy versus high-density subthreshold micropulse laser treatment in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the PLACE trial. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1547-1555.
  143. Manethová K, Ernest J, Hrevuš M, Jirásková N. Assessment of the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Patients with Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2019;75(6):298-308. doi:10.31348/2019/6/2
  144. Bae SH, Heo J, Kim C, Park TK, Moon SW, Chung H. Low-fluence photodynamic therapy versus ranibizumab for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: one-year results of a randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(2):558-565.
  145. Chan WM, Lai TY, Liu DT, Lam DSC. Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for choroidal neovascularization secondary to central serous chorioretinopathy, secondary to punctate inner choroidopathy, or of idiopathic origin. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(6):977-983.
  146. Lim JW, Kim MU, Shin MC. Aqueous humor and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2010;30(9):1465-1471.
  147. Myslík Manethová K, Ernest J. Retrospective analysis of the presence of choroidal neovascularisation using optical coherence tomography angiography in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with the aid of photodynamic therapy. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2021;77(3):122-131. doi: 10.31348/2021/14
  148. Konstantinidis L, Mantel I, Zografos L, Ambresin A. Intravitreal ranibizumab in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization associated with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2010;20(5):955-958.
  149. Broadhead GK, Chang A. Intravitreal aflibercept for choroidal neovascularisation complicating chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(6):979-981.
  150. Asahi MG, Chon AT, Gallemore E, Gallemore RP. Photodynamic therapy combined with antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment for recalcitrant chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:2051-2056.
Štítky
Oftalmológia
Článek Multimodálne zobrazovanie choroidálnych nodulov pri neurofibromatóze typu I
Článek Problematika diagnostiky oční formy rosacey
Článek Porovnání kvality časného vidění segmentované refrakční čočky SBL-2 a SBL-3
Článek Vliv pandemie COVID-19 na kvalitu vyšetření v očních ambulancích v České republice – dotazníková studie
Článek Kaposiho sarkom. Kazuistika
Článok vyšiel v časopise

Česká a slovenská oftalmologie

Číslo 2
2024 Číslo 2
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.
Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#