Human alveolar echinococcosis and an overview of the occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in animals in the Czech Republic

Česká verzia

Authors: L. Kolářová ^1,2; J. Matějů ^1,2; L. Hozáková ³; F. Stejskal ^2,4,5; J. Hrdý ²; H. Kolářová ⁶; M. Leissová ^1,2; V. Skála ^1,2; P. Dundr ⁶
Authors place of work: Národní referenční laboratoř pro tkáňové helmintózy Všeobecné fakultní nemocnice v Praze ¹; Ústav imunologie a mikrobiologie, 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha ²; Klinika infekčního lékařství, Fakultní nemocnice Ostrava ³; Klinika infekčních nemocí, 2. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy a Nemocnice Na Bulovce, Praha ⁴; Infekční oddělení, Krajská nemocnice Liberec ⁵; Klinika dětského a dorostového lékařství, 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy a Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze ⁶; Ústav patolologie, 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy a Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze ⁷
Published in the journal: Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 66, 2017, č. 4, s. 163-172
Category: Původní práce

Summary

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by larval stages of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. In the Czech Republic, screening tests to detect the specific infectious agent have been performed since 1998. The first AE cases were diagnosed in 2007, and until 2014, a total of 21 diseases were recorded. In accordance with radiological, histological, and/or PCR data, serological examinations of 699 individuals helped to reveal 15 additional AE cases in the period of 2015–2016. From the cumulative data for 1998–2016, it appears that of 2,695 patients examined, 36 (18 men and 18 women) were diagnosed with AE. Their age at diagnosis ranged from 20 to 82 years and was lower for women (mean 43.7, median 39.5) than for men (50.9 and 57.5, respectively), but the difference was not statistically significant. In the period of 2007–2016, the mean annual incidence rate was 0.034 cases/100 000 population. Our study indicates an ongoing increase in AE cases. The disease can be autochthonous in nature, as evidenced not only by some case history data but also by the detection of the larval stages in wild boar (Sus scrofa). AE risk to humans in the Czech Republic is discussed in the context of the known data on the presence of various parasite developmental stages in animals.

Keywords:
alveolar echinococcosis – Echinococcus multilocularis – incidence – Czech Republic

Zdroje

1. Oksanen A, Siles-Lucas M, Karamon J. et al. The geographical distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in animals in the European Union and adjacent countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors, 2016:9(1):519.

2. Eckert J, Gottstein B, Heath D, Liu F–J. Prevention of echinococcosis in humans and safety precautions. In: Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin F-X, Pawłowski ZS. WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris: WHO for Animal Health; 2002; s. 238–247.

3. Liance M, Bresson-Hadni S, Vuitton DA. et al. Comparison of the viability and developmental characteristics of Echinococcus multilocularis isolates from human patients in France. Int J Parasitol, 1990;20(1):83–86.

4. Liu W, Delabrousse E, Blagosklonov O. et al. Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. Parasite, 2014;21:74–87.

5. Kern P, Menezes da Silva A, Akhan O. et al. The Echinococcoses: Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Burden of Disease. Adv Parasitol, 2017;96:259–369.

6. Fujioka Y, Aoki S, Sato N, Uchino J. IV. Pathology. In Uchino J, Sato N. Alveolar Echinococcosis of the Liver, Vol.30. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Medical Library Series; 1993; s. 228–231.

7. Chauchet A, Grenouillet F, Knapp J. et al. Increased incidence and characteristics of alveolar echinococcois in patients with immunosuppression-associated conditions. Clin Infect Dis, 2014; 59(8):1095–1104.

8. Torgerson PR, Deplazes P. Echinococcosis: diagnosis and diagnostic interpretation in population studies. Trends Parasitol, 2009;25(4):164–170.

9. Kern P, Ammon A, Kron M. et al. Risk factors for human alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Emerg Infect Dis, 2004;10(12):2088–2092.

10. Kern P, Bardonnet K, Renner E. et al. European Echinococcosis Registry: human alveolar echinococcosis, Europe, 1982–2000. Emerg Infect Dis, 2003;9(3):343–349.

11. Gottstein B, Soboslay P, Ortona E. et al. Immunology of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis (AE and CE). Adv Parasitol, 2017;96:1–54.

12. Eckert J, Deplazes P, Kern P. Alveolar echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis) and neotropial forms of echinococcosis (Echinococcus vogeli and E. oligarthrus). In: Thompson RCA. Oxford: Oxford Book of Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control. Oxford University Press; 2011; s. 669–699.

13. Davidson R, Romig T, Jenkins E. et al. The impact of globalisation on the distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol, 2012;28(6):239 – 247.

14. Vuitton DA, Zhou H, Bresson-Hadni S. et al. Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis with particular reference to China and Europe. Parasitology, 2003; 127(Suppl.):S87–S107

15. Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA. Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE, 2010. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop, 2010;114(1): 1–16.

16. Bartoš V. Alveolární echinokokóza jater. Casopis lek Ces 1928;67(29):1063.

17. Šlais J, Mádle A, Vaňka K. et al. Alveolární echinokokóza diagnostikovaná punkční jaterní biopsií. Cas lek Cesk, 1979;118(15):472.

18. Skalický T, Třeška V, Martínek K. et al. Alveolární hydatidóza – vzácný případ jaterního postižení v České republice. Ces Slov Gastroent Hepatol, 2008;62(1):30–33.

19. Hozáková–Lukáčová L, Kolářová L, Rožnovský L. et al. Alveolární echinokokóza-nově se objevující onemocnění? Cas Lék Cesk, 2009;148(3):132–136.

20. Kodet R, Hladík P, Kolářová L. et al. Tasemnice liščí a reálné riziko pro člověka. Myslivost, 2013;61(7):46–47.

21. Kupka T, Baľa P, Hozáková L. et al. Neobvyklý případ cystického postižení jater – alveolární echinokokóza jater. Vnitr Lek, 2015;61(6):527–530.

22. Kolářová L, Matějů J, Hrdý J. et al. Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, Czech Republic, 2007–2014. Emerg Infect Dis, 2015;21(12):2263–2265.

23. Vuitton DA, Azizi A, Richou C. et al. Current interventional strategy for the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2016; 14(12):1179–1184.

24. Auer H, Hermentin K, Aspöck H. Demonstration of a specific Echinococcus multilocularis antigen in the supernatant of in vitro maintained protoscoleces. Zbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A, 1988;268(3):416–423.

25. Auer H, Picher O, Aspöck H. Combined Application of Enzyme–linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Indirect Haemagglutination TesT (IHA) as a Useful Tool for the diagnosis and Post–operative Surveillance of Human Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. Zbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A, 1988;270(1–2):313–325.

26. Schneider R, Gollackner B, Edel B. et al. Development of a new PCR protocol for the detection of species and genotypes (strains) of Echinococcus in formalin–fixed, paraffin–embedded tissues. Int J Parasitol, 2008;38(8–9):1065–1071.

27. Jůza T, Jůzová A, Gajdošová T. Kazuistika: Diagnóza až pod mikroskopem – diseminovaná echinokokóza multilokulárního vzhledu s protoskolexy. Cesk patol, 2016; 52(3):168–172.

28. Třeška V, Kolářová L, Mírka H. et al. Alveolar echinococcosis - a rare disease with differential diagnostic problems. Rozhl Chir, 2016;95(6):240–244.

29. Pohnan R, Ryska M, Hytych V. et al. Echinococcosis mimicking liver malignancy: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2017;36:55–58.

30. World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 2013;310(20):2191–2194.

31. Siles–Lucas M, Casulli A, Conraths FJ, Müller N. Laboratory diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in human patients and infected animals. Adv Parasitol, 2017;96:159–257.

32. Moro P, Schantz PM. Echinococcosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis, 2009;13(2):125–133.

33. Schweiger A, Grimm F, Tanner I. et al. Serological diagnosis of echinococcosis: the diagnostic potential of native antigens. Infection, 2012;40(2):139–152.

34. Kern P, Menezes da Silva A, Akhan O. et al. The Echinococcoses: Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Burden of Disease. Adv Parasitol, 2017;96:259–369.

35. Čada F, Huml O. Echinococcus multilocularis (Leuckart, 1863) u lišek obecných (Vulpes vulpes) v Západočeském kraji v roce 1995. Veterinarstvi, 1996;46(4):160–162.

36. Pavlásek I, Chalupský J, Kolářová L. Echinococcus multilocularis – málo známá tasemnice u lišek. Veterinarstvi, 1996;46(4):164–167.

37. Kolářová L, Pavlásek I, Chalupský J. Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1873 in the Czech Republic. Helminthologia, 1996;33(2):59–65.

38. Auer H, Aspöck H. Helminths and helminthoses in Central Europe: diseases caused by cestodes (tapeworms). Wien Med Wochenschr, 2014;164(19–20):414–423.

39. Schneider R, Aspöck H, Auer H. Unexpected increase of alveolar echinococcosis, Austria, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis, 2013;19(3):475–477.

40. Atanasov G, Benckert C, Thelen A. et al. Alveolar echinococcosis–spreading disease challenging clinicians: A case report and literature review. World J Gastroenterol, 2013;19(26):4257–4261.

41. Nahorski W, Knap J, Pawlowski ZS. et al. Human alveolar echinococcosis in Poland 1990–2011. PLOS Negl Trop Dis, 2013;7(1):e1986.

42. Antolová D, Miterpáková M, Radoňak J. et al. Alveolar echinococcosis in a highly endemic area of Northern Slovakia between 2000 and 2013. Euro Surveill, 2014;19(24): pii:20882.

43. Jorgensen P, an der Heiden M, Kern P. et al. Underreporting of human alveolar echinococcosis, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis, 2008;14(6):935–937.

44. Deplazes P, Hegglin D, Gloor S. et al. Wilderness in the city: the urbanization of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol, 2004(2);77–84.

45. Gottstein B, Stojkovic M, Vuitton DA, Millon L, Marcinkute A, Deplazes P. Threat of alveolar echinococcosis to public health a challenge for Europe. Trends Parasitol, 2015;31(9):407–412.

46. Duscher G, Pleydell D, Prosl H, Joachim A. Echinococcus multilocularis in Austrian foxes from 1991 until 2004. J Vet Med B, 2006;53(3):138–144.

47. Denzin N, Schliephake A, Fröhlich A. et al. On the move? Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes of Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). Transbound Emerg Dis, 2014;61(3):239–246.

48. Dyachenko V, Pantchev N, Gawlowska S. et al. Echinococcus multilocularis infections in domestic dogs and cats from Germany and other European countries. Vet Parasitol, 2008;157(3–4):244–253.

49. Sutor A, Schwarz S, Conraths FJ. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Germany - an established Neozoon as host and vector for parasites and other pathogenes. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 2011;124(11–12):457–464.

50. Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Sroka J. et al. The prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in Poland – current results (2009–2013). Parasitol Res, 2014;113:317–322.

51. Antolová D, Reiterová K, Miterpáková M. et al. The first finding of Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs in Slovakia: An emerging risk for spreading of infection. Zoonoses Public Health, 2009;56(2):53–58.

52. Miterpáková M, Dubinský P. Fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) in Slovakia –summarizing the long–term monitoring. Helminthologia, 2011;48(3):155–161.

53. Pavlásek I, Chalupský J, Kolářová L. et al. Výskyt Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 u lišek (Vulpes vulpes) v České republice. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1997;46(4):158–162.

54. Pavlásek I. Aktuální situace ve výskytu mechožila větveného Echinococcus multilocularis u lišek v Evropě a v České republice. Rem-Klin mikrobiol, 1998;2(7):233–240.

55. Žákovčík V, Cihlář D. Výskyt tasemnice Echinococcus multilocularis u lišek ve Vojenských újezdech. Cas zamest Voj lesů a statků CR, s.p., 2007;2(4):14–16.

56. Šmolík J, Straková Š. Opakovaný výskyt tasemnice liščí na Mělnicku. Myslivost, 2010;58(7):60–61.

57. Čada F, Martínek K, Kolářová L. Kočka (Felis catus f. dom.) jako definitivní hostitel Echinococcus multilocularis. Veterinarstvi, 1999;59(7):2–3.

58. Svobodová V, Lenská B. Prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in out door cats in West Bohemia (Czech Republic). Helminthologia, 2004;41(4):221–222.

59. Martínek K, Kolářová L, Červený J. Echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores from the Klatovy district of the Czech Republic. J Helminthol, 2001;75(1):61–66.

60. Svobodová V, Lenská B. Echinococcosis in dogs in the Czech Republic. Acta Vet Brno, 2002;71(3):347–350.

61. Pavlásek I, Bischof J. Psík mývalovitý – nový hostitel tasemnice měchožila větvěného. Myslivost, 2011;59(2):71–74.

62. Svobodová V, Stejskal F, Kolářová L. et al. Zoonotické riziko echinokokózy v České republice. Veterinarstvi, 2014;64:515–520.

63. Forejtek P.: Myslivecká statistika 2015/2016 – rekordy bez radosti. Myslivost, 2016; (10):8.

64. Corsini M, Geissbühler U, Howard J. et al. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and outcome of alveolar echinococcosis in dogs. Vet Rec, 2015;177(22):569.

65. Martínek K, Kolářová L, Červený J. et al. Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) in the Czech Republic: the first detection of metacestodes in a naturally infected rodent. Folia Parasitol, 1998;45(4):332–333.

66. Mužík P., Čada F., Matějů J., Kolářová L. Alveolární echinokokóza u zlatého retrívra. Veterinarstvi, 2016;65(7):514–519.

67. Pokorný J, Filipová A, Fictum P. Tři případy Echinococcus multilocularis v Zoologické a botanické zahradě města Plzně. Veter klin, 2013;10(4):143–148.

68. Pfister T, Schad V, Schelling U. et al. Incomplete development of larval Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) in spontaneously infected wild boars. Parasitol Res, 1993;79(7):617–618.

69. Boucher JM, Hanosset R, Augot D. et al. Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in wild boars in France using PCR techniques against larval form. Vet Parasitol, 2005;129(3–4):259–566.

70. Denk D, Boufana B, Masters NJ, Stidworthy MF. Fatal echinococcosis in three lemurs in the United Kingdom. A case series. Vet Parasitol, 2016;218(3):10–14.

71. Kern P, Ammon A, Kron M. et al. Risk factors for human alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Emerg Infect Dis, 2004;10(12):2088–2092.

72. Hegglin D, Bontadina F, Deplazes P. Human-wildlife interactions and zoonotic transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol, 2015, 31(5):167–173.

73. Deplazes P, van Knapen F, Schweiger A. et al. Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis. Vet Parasitol, 2011;182(1):41–53.

74. Knapp J, Combes B, Umhang G. Et al. Could the domestic cat play a significant role in the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis? A study based on qPCR analysis of cat feces in a rural area in France. Parasite, 2016;23(10):42–49.

75. Prettner M. Cysticercus cellulosae und Echinococcus nach der Häufigkeit und Form seines Befundes im Prager Slachthause. Zeitschr F Fleish–und Milchhzg, 1897;7:27–28.