Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for Up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Prospective Cohort Studies

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010) Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7 ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

2. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011;364: 2392–2404. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1014296 21696306

3. Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev. 2001;59: 129–139. 11396693

4. Porikos K, Hagamen S. Is fiber satiating? Effects of a high fiber preload on subsequent food intake of normal-weight and obese young men. Appetite. 1986;7: 153–162. 3017204

5. Alfieri MA, Pomerleau J, Grace DM, Anderson L. Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects. Obes Res. 1995;3: 541–547. 8653530

6. Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Rosner B, et al. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78: 920–927. 14594777

7. Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Liu S, Jacobs DR Jr., et al. Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80: 1237–1245. 15531671

8. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2002;287: 2414–2423. 11988062

9. Ebbeling CB, Swain JF, Feldman HA, Wong WW, Hachey DL, et al. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA. 2012;307: 2627–2634. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.6607 22735432

10. Wedick NM, Pan A, Cassidy A, Rimm EB, Sampson L, et al. Dietary flavonoid intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95: 925–933. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.028894 22357723

11. Geurts L, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Knauf C, Cani PD. Gut microbiota controls adipose tissue expansion, gut barrier and glucose metabolism: novel insights into molecular targets and interventions using prebiotics. Benef Microbes. 2014;5: 3–17. doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0065 23886976

12. Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, Hu FB, Willett WC, et al. Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;347: f5001. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5001 23990623

13. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, et al. Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1987;316: 22–28. 3785347

14. Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. Lancet. 1991;338: 464–468. 1678444

15. Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, Rich-Edwards J, Hunter DJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997;278: 1078–1083. 9315766

16. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Chute CG, Litin LB, et al. Validity of self-reported waist and hip circumferences in men and women. Epidemiology. 1990;1: 466–473. 2090285

17. Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Litin LB, et al. Reproducibility and validity of an expanded self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire among male health professionals. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135: 1114–1126; discussion 1127–1136. 1632423

18. Salvini S, Hunter DJ, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Food-based validation of a dietary questionnaire: the effects of week-to-week variation in food consumption. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18: 858–867. 2621022

19. Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Reproducibility and validity of food intake measurements from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93: 790–796. 8320406

20. Wolf AM, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol. 1994;23: 991–999.

21. Ludwig DS. Dietary glycemic index and obesity. J Nutr. 2000;130: 280S–283S. 10721888

22. Ledoux TA, Hingle MD, Baranowski T. Relationship of fruit and vegetable intake with adiposity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2011;12: e143–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00786.x 20633234

23. Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, Mouw T, May AM, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home, and Obesity study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95: 184–193. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.019968 22170373

24. Aljadani HM, Patterson A, Sibbritt D, Hutchesson MJ, Jensen ME, et al. Diet quality, measured by fruit and vegetable intake, predicts weight change in young women. J Obes. 2013;2013: 525161. doi: 10.1155/2013/525161 24062946

25. Barone Gibbs B, Kinzel LS, Pettee Gabriel K, Chang YF, Kuller LH. Short- and long-term eating habit modification predicts weight change in overweight, postmenopausal women: results from the WOMAN study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112: 1347–1355, 1355 e1341–1342. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.012 22939439

26. He K, Hu FB, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Willett WC, et al. Changes in intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of obesity and weight gain among middle-aged women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28: 1569–1574. 15467774

27. Drapeau V, Despres JP, Bouchard C, Allard L, Fournier G, et al. Modifications in food-group consumption are related to long-term body-weight changes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80: 29–37. 15213024

28. Svendesn M, Blomhoff R, Holme I, Tonstad S. The effect of an increased intake of vegetables and fruit on weight loss, blood pressure, and antioxidant defense in subjects with sleep related breathing disorders. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61: 1301–1311. 17268408

29. John JH, Ziebland S, Yudkin P, Roe LS, Neil HA. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pressure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359: 1969–1974. 12076551

30. Whybrow S, Harrison CL, Mayer C, James Stubbs R. Effects of added fruits and vegetables on dietary intakes and body weight in Scottish adults. Br J Nutr. 2006;95: 496–503. 16512935

31. de Oliveira MC, Sichieri R, Sanchez Moura A. Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women. Nutrition. 2003;19: 253–256. 12620529

32. Dow CA, Going SB, Chow HH, Patil BS, Thomson CA. The effects of daily consumption of grapefruit on body weight, lipids, and blood pressure in healthy, overweight adults. Metabolism. 2012;61: 1026–1035. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.12.004 22304836

33. Anderson AS, Cox DN, McKellar S, Reynolds J, Lean ME, et al. Take Five, a nutrition education intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intakes: impact on attitudes towards dietary change. Br J Nutr. 1998;80: 133–140. 9828754

34. Kimmons J, Gillespie C, Seymour J, Serdula M, Blanck HM. Fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents and adults in the United States: percentage meeting individualized recommendations. Medscape J Med. 2009;11: 26. 19295947

35. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010) Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/dietary_guidelines_for_americans/2010DGACReport-camera-ready-Jan11-11.pdf

36. Blanck HM, Gillespie C, Kimmons JE, Seymour JD, Serdula MK. Trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among U.S. men and women, 1994–2005. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5: A35. 18341771

37. Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Pearson WS, Tsai J, et al. Trends in low-risk lifestyle factors among adults in the United States: findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 1996–2007. Prev Med. 2010;51: 403–407.