#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Neuropathological diagnoses and clinical correlates in older adults in Brazil: A cross-sectional study


In a postmortem analysis, Lea Grinberg and colleagues examine neuropathological diagnoses in a sample of older adults from Brazil.


Vyšlo v časopise: Neuropathological diagnoses and clinical correlates in older adults in Brazil: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 14(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002267
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002267

Souhrn

In a postmortem analysis, Lea Grinberg and colleagues examine neuropathological diagnoses in a sample of older adults from Brazil.


Zdroje

1. Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:63–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.007 23305823

2. Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, Friedland RP, Galasko D, Hall KT, et al. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurology. 2008;7:812–26. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70169-8 18667359

3. Nitrini R, Bottino CMC, Albala C, Custodio Capunay NS, Ketzoian C, Llibre Rodriguez JJ, et al. Prevalence of dementia in Latin America: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. International Psychogeriatrics. 2009;21:622–30. doi: 10.1017/S1041610209009430 19505354

4. Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Potier MC. Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;118:5–36. doi: 10.1007/s00401-009-0532-1 19381658

5. Cairns NJ, Bigio EH, Mackenzie IR, Neumann M, Lee VM, Hatanpaa KJ, et al. Neuropathologic diagnostic and nosologic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: consensus of the Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 2007;114:5–22. doi: 10.1007/s00401-007-0237-2 17579875

6. Mackenzie IR, Neumann M, Baborie A, Sampathu DM, Du Plessis D, Jaros E, et al. A harmonized classification system for FTLD-TDP pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;122:111–3. doi: 10.1007/s00401-011-0845-8 21644037

7. Grinberg LT, Thal DR. Vascular pathology in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:277–90. doi: 10.1007/s00401-010-0652-7 20155424

8. McAleese KE, Alafuzoff I, Charidimou A, De Reuck J, Grinberg LT, Hainsworth AH, et al. Post-mortem assessment in vascular dementia: advances and aspirations. BMC Med. 2016;14:129. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0676-5 27600683

9. Matthews FE, Brayne C, Lowe J, McKeith I, Wharton SB, Ince P. Epidemiological pathology of dementia: attributable-risks at death in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. PLoS Med. 2009;6(11):e1000180. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000180 19901977

10. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology. 2007;69:2197–204. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24 17568013

11. Abegunde DO, Mathers CD, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K. The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370:1929–38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61696-1 18063029

12. Grinberg LT, Nitrini R, Suemoto CK, Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini RE, Leite RE, Farfel JM, et al. Prevalence of dementia subtypes in a developing country: a clinicopathological study. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013;68:1140–5.

13. Farfel JM, Nitrini R, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Ferretti RE, Leite RE, et al. Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 2013;81:650–7. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08f1b 23873971

14. Schlesinger D, Grinberg LT, Alba JG, Naslavsky MS, Licinio L, Farfel JM, et al. African ancestry protects against Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathology. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:79–85. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.136 22064377

15. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Azevedo e Silva G, Menezes AM, Monteiro CA, Barreto SM, et al. Chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: burden and current challenges. Lancet. 2011;377:1949–61. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60135-9 21561658

16. Mehta KM, Yaffe K, Perez-Stable EJ, Stewart A, Barnes D, Kurland BF, et al. Race/ethnic differences in AD survival in US Alzheimer's Disease Centers. Neurology. 2008;70:1163–70. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000285287.99923.3c 18003939

17. Nelson PT, Schmitt FA, Lin YS, Abner EL, Jicha GA, Patel E, et al. Hippocampal sclerosis in advanced age: clinical and pathological features. Brain. 2011;134:1506–18. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr053 21596774

18. Brayne C, Richardson K, Matthews FE, Fleming J, Hunter S, Xuereb JH, et al. Neuropathological correlates of dementia in over-80-year-old brain donors from the population-based Cambridge city over-75s cohort (CC75C) study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18:645–58. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2009-1182 19661624

19. White LR, Edland SD, Hemmy LS, Montine KS, Zarow C, Sonnen JA, et al. Neuropathologic comorbidity and cognitive impairment in the Nun and Honolulu-Asia Aging Studies. Neurology. 2016;86:1000–8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002480 26888993

20. Kawas CH, Kim RC, Sonnen JA, Bullain SS, Trieu T, Corrada MM. Multiple pathologies are common and related to dementia in the oldest-old: The 90+ Study. Neurology. 2015;85:535–42. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001831 26180144

21. Hou CE, Yaffe K, Perez-Stable EJ, Miller BL. Frequency of dementia etiologies in four ethnic groups. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:42–7. doi: 10.1159/000093217 16682792

22. Grinberg LT, Ferretti RE, Farfel JM, Leite R, Pasqualucci CA, Rosemberg S, et al. Brain bank of the Brazilian aging brain study group—a milestone reached and more than 1,600 collected brains. Cell Tissue Bank. 2007;8:151–62. doi: 10.1007/s10561-006-9022-z 17075689

23. Ferretti REL, Damim AE, Brucki SMD, Morillo LS, Perroco T, Campora F, et al. Post-moretem diagnosis of dementia by informant interview. Dementia and neuropshycologia. 2010;4:138–44.

24. Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43:2412–4.

25. Jorm AF. A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): development and cross-validation. Psychol Med. 1994;24:145–53. 8208879

26. O'Bryant SE, Waring SC, Cullum CM, Hall J, Lacritz L, Massman PJ, et al. Staging dementia using Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes scores: a Texas Alzheimer's research consortium study. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1091–5. doi: 10.1001/archneur.65.8.1091 18695059

27. Perroco TR, Bustamante SE, Moreno Mdel P, Hototian SR, Lopes MA, Azevedo D, et al. Performance of Brazilian long and short IQCODE on the screening of dementia in elderly people with low education. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:531–8. doi: 10.1017/S1041610209008849 19323868

28. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994;44:2308–14. 7991117

29. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV. 4th edition. Washigton, D.C; 1994.

30. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers & Dementia. 2011;7:263–9.

31. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993;43:250–60. 8094895

32. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O'Brien JT, Feldman H, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65:1863–72. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1 16237129

33. Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, Burn DJ, Duyckaerts C, Mizuno Y, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1689–707. doi: 10.1002/mds.21507 17542011

34. Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76:1006–14. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 21325651

35. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Kipps CM, Johnson JK, Seeley WW, Mendez MF, et al. Diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD): current limitations and future directions. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2007;21:S14–8. 18090417

36. Nascimento C, Suemoto CK, Rodriguez RD, Alho AT, Leite RP, Farfel JM, et al. Higher Prevalence of TDP-43 Proteinopathy in Cognitively Normal Asians: A Clinicopathological Study on a Multiethnic Sample. Brain Pathol. 2016;26:177–85. doi: 10.1111/bpa.12296 26260327

37. Rodriguez JJL, Ferri CP, Acosta D, Guerra M, Huang YG, Jacob KS, et al. Prevalence of dementia in Latin America, India, and China: a population-based cross-sectional survey. Lancet. 2008;372:464–74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61002-8 18657855

38. Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82:239–59. 1759558

39. Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D, Sumi SM, Crain BJ, Brownlee LM, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1991;41:479–86. 2011243

40. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:197–211. 12498954

41. Mackenzie IR, Neumann M, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Alafuzoff I, Kril J, et al. Nomenclature and nosology for neuropathologic subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: an update. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:1–4. doi: 10.1007/s00401-009-0612-2 19924424

42. Braak H, Braak E. Cortical and subcortical argyrophilic grains characterize a disease associated with adult onset dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1989;15:13–26. 2471109

43. Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, et al. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123:1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3 22101365

44. Rodriguez RD, Suemoto CK, Molina M, Nascimento CF, Leite RE, de Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini RE, et al. Argyrophilic Grain Disease: Demographics, Clinical, and Neuropathological Features From a Large Autopsy Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2016;75:628–35. doi: 10.1093/jnen/nlw034 27283329

45. Ince PG, Clark B, Holton J, Revez T, Wharton SB. Disorders with Lewy bodies, including Parkinson’s disease dementia. Love S, Louis DN, Ellison DW, editors. Greenfield’s neuropathology. 8th edn Edward Arnold; London: 2008. pp. 1073–1081.

46. Jellinger KA. A critical reappraisal of current staging of Lewy-related pathology in human brain. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116:1–16. doi: 10.1007/s00401-008-0406-y 18592254

47. Grinberg LT, Thal DR. Vascular pathology in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathologica. 2010;119:277–90. doi: 10.1007/s00401-010-0652-7 20155424

48. Rauramaa T, Pikkarainen M, Englund E, Ince PG, Jellinger K, Paetau A, et al. Consensus recommendations on pathologic changes in the hippocampus: a postmortem multicenter inter-rater study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2013;72:452–61. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e318292492a 23656988

49. Nelson PT, Smith CD, Abner EL, Wilfred BJ, Wang WX, Neltner JH, et al. Hippocampal sclerosis of aging, a prevalent and high-morbidity brain disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126:161–77. doi: 10.1007/s00401-013-1154-1 23864344

50. Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, Yamaguchi H, Del Tredici K, Braak H. Two types of sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61:282–93. 11895043

51. Calero O, Hortiguela R, Bullido MJ, Calero M. Apolipoprotein E genotyping method by real time PCR, a fast and cost-effective alternative to the TaqMan and FRET assays. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;183:238–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.06.033 19583979

52. Lee SJ, Lindquist K, Segal MR, Covinsky KE. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 4-year mortality in older adults. Jama. 2006;295:801–8. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.7.801 16478903

53. Schonberg MA, Davis RB, McCarthy EP, Marcantonio ER. Index to predict 5-year mortality of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older using data from the National Health Interview Survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24:1115–22. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-1073-y 19649678

54. Horvath J, Herrmann FR, Burkhard PR, Bouras C, Kovari E. Neuropathology of dementia in a large cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:864–8; discussion. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.05.010 23746454

55. Clinton LK, Blurton-Jones M, Myczek K, Trojanowski JQ, LaFerla FM. Synergistic Interactions between Abeta, tau, and alpha-synuclein: acceleration of neuropathology and cognitive decline. J Neurosci. 2010;30:7281–9. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-10.2010 20505094

56. Tabnet DATASUS. Mortality data from Sao Paulo city: Prefeitura de Sao Paulo. 2016 http://tabnet.saude.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm3.exe?secretarias/saude/TABNET/SIM/obito

57. Jellinger KA, Bancher C. Senile dementia with tangles (tangle predominant form of senile dementia). Brain Pathol. 1998;8:367–76. 9546293

58. Barker WW, Luis CA, Kashuba A, Luis M, Harwood DG, Loewenstein D, et al. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2002;16:203–12. 12468894

59. Brunnstrom H, Gustafson L, Passant U, Englund E. Prevalence of dementia subtypes: a 30-year retrospective survey of neuropathological reports. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;49:146–9. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2008.06.005 18692255

60. Akatsu H, Takahashi M, Matsukawa N, Ishikawa Y, Kondo N, Sato T, et al. Subtype analysis of neuropathologically diagnosed patients in a Japanese geriatric hospital. J Neurol Sci. 2002;196:63–9. 11959158

61. Rahimi J, Kovacs GG. Prevalence of mixed pathologies in the aging brain. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014;6:82. doi: 10.1186/s13195-014-0082-1 25419243

62. Jellinger KA, Attems J. Prevalence and Pathology of Vascular Dementia in the Oldest-Old. Journal of Alzheimers Disease. 2010;21:1283–93.

63. Schlesinger D, Grinberg LT, Alba JG, Naslavsky MS, Licinio L, Farfel JM, et al. African ancestry protects against Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathology. Mol Psychiatry. 2013; 18:79–85. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.136 22064377

64. Alafuzoff I, Pikkarainen M, Al-Sarraj S, Arzberger T, Bell J, Bodi I, et al. Interlaboratory comparison of assessments of Alzheimer disease-related lesions: a study of the BrainNet Europe Consortium. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006;65:740–57. doi: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000229986.17548.27 16896308

65. Alafuzoff I, Pikkarainen M, Arzberger T, Thal DR, Al-Sarraj S, Bell J, et al. Inter-laboratory comparison of neuropathological assessments of beta-amyloid protein: a study of the BrainNet Europe consortium. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;115:533–46. doi: 10.1007/s00401-008-0358-2 18343933

66. Grinberg LT, Heinsen H. Toward a pathological definition of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299:136–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.055 20920816

67. Thal DR, Grinberg LT, Attems J. Vascular dementia: different forms of vessel disorders contribute to the development of dementia in the elderly brain. Exp Gerontol. 2012;47:816–24. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.05.023 22705146

68. Jellinger KA. Prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer and lewy body diseases. Neurodegener Dis. 2010;7:112–5. doi: 10.1159/000285518 20173339

69. Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Kryscio RJ, Abner EL, Schmitt FA, Cooper G, et al. Low sensitivity in clinical diagnoses of dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol. 2010;257:359–66. doi: 10.1007/s00415-009-5324-y 19795154

70. Wakisaka Y, Furuta A, Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Iida M, Iwaki T. Age-associated prevalence and risk factors of Lewy body pathology in a general population: the Hisayama study. Acta Neuropathol. 2003;106:374–82. doi: 10.1007/s00401-003-0750-x 12904992

71. SantaCruz KS, Sonnen JA, Pezhouh MK, Desrosiers MF, Nelson PT, Tyas SL. Alzheimer disease pathology in subjects without dementia in 2 studies of aging: the Nun Study and the Adult Changes in Thought Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2011;70:832–40. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31822e8ae9 21937909

72. Schmitt FA, Davis DG, Wekstein DR, Smith CD, Ashford JW, Markesbery WR. "Preclinical" AD revisited—Neuropathology of cognitively normal older adults. Neurology. 2000;55:370–6. 10932270

73. Knopman DS, Parisi JE, Salviati A, Floriach-Robert M, Boeve BF, Ivnik RJ, et al. Neuropathology of cognitively normal elderly. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2003;62:1087–95. 14656067

74. Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Lancet. 2001;357:169–75. 11213093

75. Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Myllykangas L, Notkola IL, Niinisto L, Verkkoniemi A, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in very elderly people: a prospective neuropathological study. Neurology. 2001;56:1690–6. 11425935

76. Crystal HA, Dickson D, Davies P, Masur D, Grober E, Lipton RB. The relative frequency of "dementia of unknown etiology" increases with age and is nearly 50% in nonagenarians. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:713–9. 10815138

77. Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Kelly JF, Aggarwal NT, Shah RC, et al. Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology. 2006;66:1837–44. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6 16801647

78. Arvanitakis Z, Capuano AW, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Relation of cerebral vessel disease to Alzheimer's disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:934–43. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30029-1 27312738

79. Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Liu H, Davis DG, Mendiondo MS, et al. Clinicopathologic correlations in a large Alzheimer disease center autopsy cohort: neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles "do count" when staging disease severity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2007;66:1136–46. doi: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31815c5efb 18090922

80. Cholerton B, Larson EB, Baker LD, Craft S, Crane PK, Millard SP, et al. Neuropathologic correlates of cognition in a population-based sample. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;36:699–709. doi: 10.3233/JAD-130281 23666176

81. Middleton LE, Grinberg LT, Miller B, Kawas C, Yaffe K. Neuropathologic features associated with Alzheimer disease diagnosis: age matters. Neurology. 2011;77(19):1737–44. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318236f0cf 22031532

82. Kovacs GG, Milenkovic I, Wohrer A, Hoftberger R, Gelpi E, Haberler C, et al. Non-Alzheimer neurodegenerative pathologies and their combinations are more frequent than commonly believed in the elderly brain: a community-based autopsy series. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126:365–84. doi: 10.1007/s00401-013-1157-y 23900711

83. Keage HA, Ince PG, Matthews FE, Wharton SB, McKeith IG, Brayne C, et al. Impact of less common and "disregarded" neurodegenerative pathologies on dementia burden in a population-based cohort. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;28:485–93. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-111268 22045491

84. Giannakopoulos P, Gold G, Kovari E, von Gunten A, Imhof A, Bouras C, et al. Assessing the cognitive impact of Alzheimer disease pathology and vascular burden in the aging brain: the Geneva experience. Acta Neuropathol. 2007;113:1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00401-006-0144-y 17036244

85. Grinberg LT, Wang X, Wang C, Sohn PD, Theofilas P, Sidhu M, et al. Argyrophilic grain disease differs from other tauopathies by lacking tau acetylation. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;125:581–93. doi: 10.1007/s00401-013-1080-2 23371364

86. Brunnstrom H, Englund E. Clinicopathological concordance in dementia diagnostics. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:664–70. 19634210

87. Wetterling T, Kanitz RD, Borgis KJ. Comparison of different diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia (ADDTC, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN). Stroke. 1996;27:30–6. 8553399

88. Pohjasvaara T, Mantyla R, Ylikoski R, Kaste M, Erkinjuntti T. Comparison of different clinical criteria (DSM-III, ADDTC, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN, DSM-IV) for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences. Stroke. 2000;31:2952–7. 11108755

89. Jellinger KA. Pathology and pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment—a critical update. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:17. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00017 23596414

90. Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Evans DA, de Leon CFM, Arnold SE, et al. Education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons. Neurology. 2003;60:1909–15. 12821732

91. Dolan H, Crain B, Troncoso J, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Obrien RJ. Atherosclerosis, Dementia, and Alzheimer Disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Cohort. Annals of Neurology. 2010;68:231–40. doi: 10.1002/ana.22055 20695015

92. Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N, Budge M, Young J. Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obes Rev. 2011;12:e426–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00825.x 21348917

93. Power MC, Weuve J, Gagne JJ, McQueen MB, Viswanathan A, Blacker D. The association between blood pressure and incident Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2011;22:646–59. 21705906

94. Hernan MA, Alonso A, Logroscino G. Cigarette smoking and dementia: potential selection bias in the elderly. Epidemiology. 2008;19:448–50. 18414087

95. James BD, Wilson RS, Boyle PA, Trojanowski JQ, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. TDP-43 stage, mixed pathologies, and clinical Alzheimer's-type dementia. Brain. 2016 Sep 30. pii: aww224. [Epub ahead of print].

96. Josephs KA, Whitwell JL, Weigand SD, Murray ME, Tosakulwong N, Liesinger AM, et al. TDP-43 is a key player in the clinical features associated with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;127:811–24. doi: 10.1007/s00401-014-1269-z 24659241

97. Gelber RP, Launer LJ, White LR. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study: epidemiologic and neuropathologic research on cognitive impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012;9:664–72. 22471866

98. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study. Jama. 1997;277:813–7. 9052711

99. Schneider JA, Aggarwal NT, Barnes L, Boyle P, Bennett DA. The neuropathology of older persons with and without dementia from community versus clinic cohorts. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18:691–701. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2009-1227 19749406

100. Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Myllykangas L, Notkola IL, Niinisto L, Verkkoniemi A, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in very elderly people—A prospective neuropathological study. Neurology. 2001;56:1690–6. 11425935

101. Dolan D, Troncoso J, Resnick SM, Crain BJ, Zonderman AB, O'Brien RJ. Age, Alzheimer's disease and dementia in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Brain. 2010;133:2225–31. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq141 20647264

102. Green MS, Kaye JEA, Ball MJ. The Oregon Brain Aging Study—Neuropathology accompanying healthy aging in the oldest old. Neurology. 2000;54:105–13. 10636134

Štítky
Interné lekárstvo

Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS Medicine


2017 Číslo 3
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#