Control of blood pressure in primary and secondary prevention of stroke

Česká verzia

Authors: M. Souček ^1,2; I. Řiháček ¹
Authors place of work: II. interní klinika LF MU a FN U sv. Anny v Brně ¹; Mezinárodní centrum klinického výzkumu, FN u sv. Anny v Brně ²
Published in the journal: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2017, 19(2): 106-110

Summary

Primary and secondary prevention measures significantly reduce the risk of stroke. Hypertension is its most important risk factor. A slight decrease in systolic-diastolic blood pressure results in a 42% decrease in the incidence of stroke. Antihypertensive therapy reduces the likelihood of relapse in patients who have already had a stroke, including those whose blood pressure is considered normal. Evidence supporting such treatment was obtained primarily for the combination of an ACE inhibitor with a diuretic. The use of angiotensin II receptor blocker in a small dose has turned out to be safe.

Keywords:
hypertension – stroke – primary and secondary prevention

Zdroje

1. Kalita Z a kol. Akutní cévní mozkové příhody. Praha: Maxdorf 2006.

2. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al. 2013 ESH/ ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Euro Heart J 2013; 34(28): 2159– 2219. doi: 10.1093/ eurheartj/ eht151.

3. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1887– 1898. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa0801369.

4. Bosch J, Yusuf S, Pogue J et al. The HOPE Investigators. Use of ramipril in preventing stroke: double blind randomised trial. BMJ 2002; 324(7339): 699– 702.

5. Progress Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regiment among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358(9287): 1033– 1041. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(01)06178-5.

6. Neal B, MacMahon J, Chapman N et al. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood pressure lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Lancet 2000; 356(9246): 1955– 1964.

7. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 2003; 107(10): 1401– 1406.

8. Filipovský J, Widimský J jr, Ceral J et al. Diagnostické a léčebné postupy u arteriální hypertenze – verze 2012. Doporučení České společnosti pro hypertenzi. Vnitř Lék 2012; 58(10): 785– 801.

9. Simon G. Why do treated hypertensives suffer strokes? An internist’s perspective. J Clin Hypertens 2002; 4(5): 338– 344.

10. Widimský J a kol. Hypertenze. 2. přepracované vydání. Praha: Triton 2004.

11. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low-dose of aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 1998; 351(9118): 1755– 1762.

12. Ezekowitz JA, Straus SE, Majumdar SR et al. Stroke: Strategies for primary prevention. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68(12): 2379– 2386.

13. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. What can be expected from optimal blood pressure control? J Hypertens 2003; 21 (Suppl 2): S3– S9.

14. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370(9590): 829– 840.

15. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359(9311): 995– 1003.

16. Souček M. Diabetes mellitus a cévní onemocnění mozku. Vnitř Lék 2003; 49(12): 916– 920.

17. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2diabetes: UKPDS. BMJ 1998; 317(7160): 713– 720.

18. Malion JM. Blood pressure variations throughout sleep. XIVth European Meeting on Hypertension, Paris, 2004.

19. Staněk V. Prevence mozkových cévních příhod. In: MedEvent-Hypertension Prague 2002. Praha: Publishing 2002: 56– 60.

20. Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Neal B et al. Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(15): 1392– 1406. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1407963.

21. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP et al. ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(17): 1575– 1585. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1001286.

22. Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009; 27(11): 2121– 2158. doi: 10.1097/ HJH.0b013e328333146d.

23. PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. Chin Med J 1995; 108(9): 710– 717.

24. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M et al. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens 2006; 24(6): 1201– 1208.

25. Trenkwalder P, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A et al. The study on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE) – major cardiovascular events and stroke in subgroups of patients. Blood Press 2005; 14(1): 31– 37. doi: 10.1080/ 08037050510008823.

26. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A et al. Morbidity and mortality after stroke. Eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal result of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 2005; 36(6): 1218– 1226.

27. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(12): 1225– 1237. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa0804593.

28. Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R et al. Blood-pressure targets in pacients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382(9891): 507– 515. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(13)60852-1.

29. Odden M, McClure LA, Sawaya P et al. Achived blood pressure and outcomes in the secondary prevention of small sucortical strokes trial. Hypertension 2016; 67(1): 63– 69. doi: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06480.

30. Pareek AK, Messerli FH, Chandurkar NB et al. Efficacy of low-dose chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide as assessed by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67(4): 379– 389. doi: 10.1016/ j.jacc.2015.10.083.

31. Rosolová H. Diuretika v léčbě arteriální hypertenze. Acta Medicinae 2015; 8: 35– 36.