Modern pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Česká verzia

Authors: M. Flekač
Authors place of work: III. interní klinika endokrinologie a metabolismu, VFN v Praze
Published in the journal: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2017, 19(4): 273-280

Summary

Type 2 diabetes mellitus presents a serious health problem with an increasing prevalence and incidence of chronic complications. New recommendations emphasise a personalised approach to the treatment of diabetes patients. The goal of the treatment is to achieve and maintain an early optimal control of diabetes, prevent and treat chronic complications and reduce mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. Currently, the initial treatment of diabetes includes dietary regimens and metformin. However, given the progressive nature of diabetes, the treatment usually has to be intensified by adding other antidiabetics within combination therapies.

Key words:
diabetes mellitus – antidiabetic drugs – individualisation – cardiovascular benefit – therapeutic target

Zdroje

1. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352(9131): 837– 853.

2. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854– 865.

3. Livingstone K, Fisher M. Diabetes control and complications trial/ epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications (DCCT/ EDIC). Lessons for reducing cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes. Practical Diabetes International 2007; 24: 102– 106. doi: 10.1002/ pdi.1064

4. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012; 35(6): 1364– 1379. doi: 10.2337/ dc12-0413.

5. An H, He L. Current understanding of metformin effect on the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes. J Endocrinol 2016; 228(3): 97– 106. doi: 10.1530/ JOE-15-0447.

6. Kurdi A, De Meyer GR, Martinet W. Potential therapeutic effects of mTOR inhibition in atherosclerosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82(5): 1267– 1279. doi: 10.1111/ bcp.12820.

7. McCreight LJ, Bailey CJ, Pearson ER. Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract. Diabetologia 2016; 59: 426– 435. doi: 10.1007/ s00125-015-3844-9.

8. Landman GW, Kleefstra N, van Hateren KJ et al. Metformin associated with lower cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes: ZODIAC-16. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(2): 322– 326.

9. Inzucchi SE, Matthews DR. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach update to a Position Statement of the American diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 140– 149. doi: 10.2337/ dc15-0812.

10. De Fronzo RA. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2009; 58(4): 773– 795. doi: 10.2337/ db09-9028.

11. Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE); American College of Endocrinology (ACE). Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm-2016 executive summary. Endocr Pract 2016; 22(1): 84– 113. doi: 10.4158/ EP151126.CS.

12. Xu W, Weng J. Current role of short-term intensive insulin strategies in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2013; 5(3): 268– 274. doi: 10.1111/ 1753-0407.12054.

13. Škrha J, Pelikánová T, Kvapil M. Doporučený postup péče o diabetes mellitus 2. typu. DMEV 2016; 19(2): 48– 56.

14. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM et al. EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 26: 373(22): 2117– 2128. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1504720.

15. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377(7): 644– 657. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1611925.

16. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K et al. LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(4): 311– 322. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1603827.

17. Marso SP, bain SC, Consoli A et al. SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(19): 1834– 1844. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1607141.

18. Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377(13): 1228– 1239. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1612917.

19. Nyumura I, Honda K, Tanabe K et al. Early histologic lesions and risk factors for recurrence of diabetic kidney disease after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 94(6): 612– 619. doi: 10.1097/ TP.0b013e31825e4a5f.

20. Fujita Y, Inagaki N. Metformin: new preparations and nonglycemic benefits. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17(1): 5. doi: 10.1007/ s11892-017-0829-8.

21. Zeisberg M, Zeisberg EM. Evidence for antifibrotic incretin-independent effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin. Kidney Int 2015; 88(3): 429– 431. doi: 10.1038/ ki.2015.175.

22. Groop PH, Cooper ME, Perkovic V et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition with linagliptin and effects on hyperglycaemia and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal dysfunction: Rationale and design of the MARLINA-T2D™ trial. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12(6): 455– 462. doi: 10.1177/ 1479164115579002.

23. Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(4): 319– 328. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1203858.

24. Ritzel R, Roussel R, Boli GB et al. Patient-level meta-analysis of the EDITION 1, 2 and 3 studies: glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia with new insulin glargine 300 U/ ml versus glargine 100 U/ ml in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17(9): 859– 867. doi: 10.1111/ dom.12485.

25. Lingvay I, Pérez Manghi F, García-Hérnandez P et al. DUAL V Investigators. Effect of insulin glargine up-titration vs insulin degludec/ liraglutide on glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes: the DUAL V randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 315(9): 898– 907. doi: 10.1001/ jama.2016.1252.

26. American Diabetes Association. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment. sec. 8. in standards of medical care in diabetes-2017. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (Suppl 1): S64– S74.

27. AACE/ ACE Comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm 2017. T2D Algorithm, Executive Summary. Endocr Pract 2017; 23(No. 2). Available at: https://www.aace.com/sites/all/files/diabetes-algorithm-executive-summary.pdf. doi: 10.4158/ EP161682.CS