Gender Differences among Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors:
M. Hůlková; L. Hosák
Authors place of work:
Psychiatrická klinika LF UK a FN, Hradec Králové
; přednosta prof. MUDr. J. Libiger, CSc.
1
Published in the journal:
Čes. a slov. Psychiat., 105, 2009, No. 2, pp. 61-67.
Category:
Original Article
Summary
Introduction:
Although some differences between men and women with schizophrenia in prognosis or treatment response have been already described, the gender differences have not been explored sufficiently. The aim of the study was to assess differences between men and women with the diagnosis of schizophrenia at the level of social functioning using the multi-axial ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) system.
Methods:
Physicians taking care of psychotic inpatients at the Dept. of Psychiatry, University Hospital in Hradec Králové routinely filled in the multi-axial ICD-10 questionnaire at discharge. We retrospectively analyzed data on patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder collected at the Psychiatric Clinic during a 30-month period and used them for a survey of gender differences in life.
Results:
We obtained data on 98 patients (women 44) with schizophrenia (62) or schizoaffective disorder (36) at the average age of 38.7 years, with a median duration of the illness of 11 years. Men as opposed to women with schizophrenia showed more disability, more impaired self-care, broader social behaviour, legal domain and working ability (P<0.05; chi-square test). No gender differences were found in schizoaffective patients (chi-square test).
Conclusion:
The results emphasize the importance of social skills as a prognostic factor in schizophrenia. This can be used in gender-specific social rehabilitation and further research.
Key words:
gender differences, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, gender, ICD-10, social functioning, disability.
Zdroje
1. Bem, S. L.: The Lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. Yale: YUP, 1993, 260 p., ISBN 0-300-05676-1.
2. Bussey, K., Bandura, A.: Social cognitive theory of gender development and functioning. in eagly A. H. Beall A. E. Sternberg, R. J. The psychology of gender. 2. ed., New York, The Guilford Press, 2004, pp. 92-119.
3. Cannon, T. D., Cadenhead, K., Cornblatt, B., Woods, S. W., Addington, J., Walker, E. et al.: Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk. A multisite longitudinal study in North America. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 2008, pp. 28-37.
4. Fagot, B. I., Leinbach, M. D.: The young child’s gender schema: Environmental input, internal organization. Child Develop., 60, 1989, pp. 663-672.
5. Faraone, S. V., Chen, W. J., Goldstein, J. M., Tsuang, M. T.: Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry, 164, 1994, pp. 625-629.
6. Grossman, L. S., Harrow, M., Rosen, C., Faull, R.: Sex differences in outcome and recovery for schizophrenia and other psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv., 57, 2006, pp. 844-850.
7. Häfner, H.: Gender differences in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 2003, pp. 17–54.
8. Häfner, H., Behrens, S., Gattaz, W. F., Hambrecht, M., Löffler, W. et al.: Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull., 242, 1998, pp. 6-12.
9. Chaves, A. C., Seeman, M. V., Mari, J. J., Maluf, A.: Schizophrenia: impact of positive symptoms on gender social role. Schizophr. Res., 11, 1993, pp. 41-45.
10. Chodorow, N.: The reproduction of mothering. Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkley, University of California Press, 1978. 290 p.
11. Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E. et al.: Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol. Med. (Suppl.), 20, 1992, pp. 1-97.
12. Loranger, W.: Sex difference in age of onset of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 41, 1984, pp. 157–161.
13. Mavreas, V. G., Tomaras, V., Karydi, V., Economou, M., Stefanis, C. N.: Expressed emotion in families of chronic schizophrenics and its association with clinical measures. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol., 27, 1992, pp. 4-9.
14. McGlashan, T., Bardenstein, K.: Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr. Bull., 16, 1990, pp. 319-329.
15. Norman, R. M., Malla, A. K., Manchanda, R., Towsend, L.: Premorbid adjustment in first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: a comparison of social and academic domains. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 112, 2005, pp. 30-39.
16. Palmer, B. A., Pankratz, V. S., Bostwick, J. M.: The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 62, 2005, pp. 247-253.
17. Perry, W., Moore, D., Braff, D.: Gender differences on thought disturbance measures among schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 1995, pp. 1298–1301.
18. Seeman, M. V., Lang, M.: The role of estrogens in schizophrenia gender differences. Schizophr. Bull., 16, 1990, pp. 185-194.
19. Schwartz, C., Meisenhelder, J. B., Ma, Y., Reed, G.: Altruistic social interest behaviors are associated with better mental health. Psychosom. Med., 65, 2003, pp. 778-785.
20. Smolík, P.: Duševní a behaviorální poruchy: Průvodce klasifikací, nástin nozologie, diagnostika. 1. vyd., Praha, Maxdorf, 1996. 504 s., ISBN 80-85800-33-0.
21. Tamminga, C. A.: Gender and schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 58, 1997, pp. 33–37.
22. Tang, Y., Gillespie, C., Epstein, M. P., Mao, P., Jiang, F., Chen, Q. et al.: Gender differences in 542 Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 97, 2007, pp. 88-96.
23. Thorup, A., Petersen, L., Jeppesen, P., Ohlenschlaeger, J., Christensen, T., Krarup, G. et al.: Gender differences in young adults with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders at baseline in the Danish OPUS study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 195, 2007, pp. 396-405.
24. Ústav zdravotnických informací a statistiky ČR: Mezinárodní klasifikace nemocí: mezinárodní statistická klasifikace nemocí a přidružených zdravotních problémů ve znění desáté decenální revize : MKN-10 : kapesní formát, 2. vydání. Praha, Ústav zdravotnických informací a statistiky ČR, 1992, 646 s.
25. Willhite, R. K., Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Zinberg, J., O’Brien, M. P., Cannon, D. T.: Gender differences in symptoms, functioning and social support in patients at ultra-high risk for developing a psychotic disorder. Schizophr. Res. V tisku.
26. Wyrobková, A.: Genderový vývoj: Nejvýznamnější teorie a výzkum. Československá psychologie, 2, 2007, s. 141-152.
Štítky
Addictology Paediatric psychiatry PsychiatryČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Czech and Slovak Psychiatry
2009 Číslo 2
- Memantine Eases Daily Life for Patients and Caregivers
- Memantine in Dementia Therapy – Current Findings and Possible Future Applications
- Hope Awakens with Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease Based on Skin Odor
- Deep stimulation of the globus pallidus improved clinical symptoms in a patient with refractory parkinsonism and genetic mutation
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Psychical Consequences of Injuries and Evaluation of Compromised Personal Fulfilment in the Society
- Possibilities and Limits of Psychotherapy in Bipolar Disorder
- Monitoring Safety and Efficiency of the Preparation Amisulpride (Solian®) in Common Clinical Practice
- Gender Differences among Patients with Schizophrenia