Differential diagnosis of microscopic hematuria

Česká verzia

Authors: Konopásek Patrik; Krejčová Vlasta; Zieg Jakub
Authors place of work: Pediatrická klinika 2. LF UK a FN v Motole, Praha
Published in the journal: Čes-slov Pediat 2022; 77 (4): 236-240.
Category: Pediatric Protocols in Praxis
doi: https://doi.org/10.55095/CSPediatrie2022/039

Summary

Microscopic hematuria is a relatively common diagnosis in the pediatric nephrologist‘s office and it is often first detected by a general pediatrician. The etiology of microscopic hematuria is usually benign, but more severe conditions need to be ruled out, such as glomerulonephritis or systemic disease, these are commonly characterized by the presence of proteinuria, hypertension or deterioration of renal function. In this article, we present basic differential diagnosis with a brief description of the causes of microscopic hematuria and complementary tests. This review aims to provide a short guidance for general pediatricians and medical specialists.

Keywords:

differential diagnosis – microscopic hematuria – urine analysis

Zdroje

1. Boyer OG. Evaluation of microscopic hematuria in children. In: uptodate. com. [online]. [cit. 6-12-2021] Dostupné na: https: //www.uptodate. com/contents/evaluation-of-microscopic-hematuria-in-children. Path: Homepage; Contents; Topics by Specialty; Pediatrics; Pediatric Nephrology; Evaluation of microscopic hematuria in children.

2. Chen MC, Wang JH, Chen JS, et al. Socio-demographic factors affect the prevalence of hematuria and proteinuria among school children in Hualien, Taiwan: A longitudinal localization–based cohort study. Front Pediatr 2020; 8: 600907.

3. Vehaskari VM, Rapola J, Koskimies O, et al. Microscopic hematuria in school children: epidemiology and clinicopathologic evaluation. J Pediatr 1979; 95(5): 676–84.

4. Iitaka K, Igarashi S, Sakai T. Hypocomplementaemia and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in school urinary screening in Japan. Pediatr Nephrol 1994; 8(4): 420–2.

5. David J, Šibíková M, Fencl F. Rabdomyolýza u dětí. Pediatr Praxi 2020; 21(1): 17–21.

6. Gut J. Hematurie jako příznak. Pediatr Praxi 2016; 17(6): 353–356.

7. Fogazzi GB, Edefonti A, Garigali G, et al. Urine erythrocyte morphology in patients with microscopic haematuria caused by a glomerulopathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23(7): 1093–100.

8. Zieg J, Skálová S. Dětská nefrologie do kapsy. Praha: Mladá fronta 2019.

9. Stapleton FB, Roy S 3rd, Noe HN, Jerkins G. Hypercalciuria in children with hematuria. N Engl J Med 1984; 310(21): 1345–8.

10. Stapleton FB. Idiopathic hypercalciuria: association with isolated hematuria and risk for urolithiasis in children. The Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int 1990; 37(2): 807–11.

11. Feld LG, Meyers KE, Kaplan BS, Stapleton FB. Limited evaluation of microscopic hematuria in pediatrics. Pediatrics 1998; 102(4): E42.

12. Ananthan K, Onida S, Davies AH. Nutcracker syndrome: an update on current diagnostic criteria and management guidelines. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2017; 53: 886–894.

13. Vianello FA, Mazzoni MB, Peeters GG, et al. Micro- and macroscopic hematuria caused by renal vein entrapment: systematic review of the literature. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31(2): 175–84.

14. Sagel I, Treser G, Ty A, et al. Occurrence and nature of glomerular lesions after group A streptococci infections in children. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79(4): 492–9.

15. KDI GO 2021 Clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular disease. Kidney Int 2021; 100: 1–276.

16. Nozu K, Nakanishi K, Abe Y, et al. A review of clinical characteristics and genetic backgrounds in Alport syndrome. Clin Exp Nephrol 2019; 23(2): 158–168.

17. Kashtan CE. Alport syndrome: achieving early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 2021; 77(2): 272–279.

18. Savige J, Gregory M, Gross O, et al. Expert guidelines for the management of Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24(3): 364–75.

19. Ozen S, Pistorio A, Iusan SM, et al. Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO). EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura, childhood polyarteritis nodosa, childhood Wegener granulomatosis and childhood Takayasu arteritis: Ankara 2008. Part II: Final classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69(5): 798–806.

20. Ozen S, Marks SD, Brogan P, et al. European consensus-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of immunoglobulin A vasculitis – the SHARE initiative. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58(9): 1607–1616.

21. Varan A. Wilms’ tumor in children: an overview. Nephron Clin Pract 2008; 108(2): c83–90.