#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Diagnosing adrenal disease – most significant clinical syndromes, biochemical testing and role of imaging methods


Authors: Filip Čtvrtlík 1;  Miroslav Heřman 1;  Igor Hartmann 2;  Tomáš Tichý 3
Authors place of work: Radiologická klinika FN a LF UP, Olomouc 1;  Urologická klinika FN a LF UP, Olomouc 2;  Ústav molekulární a klinické patologie FN a LF UP, Olomouc 3
Published in the journal: Ces Urol 2013; 17(1): 18-27
Category: Review article

Summary

In this review article presents classification of the most significant clinical syndromes associated with adrenal hyperfunction. Clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis and role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of these syndromes are discussed in detail. A thorough description of the radiological presentation of the most frequent pathological findings on the adrenal glands is provided and some less common lesions are also briefly mentioned. Discussion of adrenal incidentalomas concludes the article.

Key word:
hypercortisolism, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, adrenal masses, adrenal adenoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, metastases, incidentalomas, computed tomography.


Zdroje

1. Marek J. Endokrinní hypertenze. Praha: Galén 2004.

2. Čtvrtlík F, Köcher M, Černá M, Václavík J, Hartmann I. Současný stav v diagnostice primárního hyperaldosteronismu. Ces Radiol 2012; 66(2): 139–147.

3. Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez, CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, Young WF Jr, Montori VM. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(9): 3266–3281.

4. Ballon M, Ceral J, Solař M, Krajina A, Raupach J, Ungermann L. Je průkaz adenomu nadledviny u pacientů s primárním hyperaldosteronizmem dostatečný pro indikaci adrenalektomie? Vnitř. Lék. 2009; 55(6): 555–559.

5. Kempers MJ, Lenders JW, van Outheusden L, van der Wilt GJ, Schultze Kool LJ, Hermus AR, Deinum J. Systematic review: diagnostic procedures to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal abnormality in primary aldosteronism. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151(5): 329–337.

6. Nishikawa T, Omura M, Satoh F, Shibata H, Takahashi K, Tamura N, Tanabe A. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Task Force Committee on Primary Aldosteronism, The Japan Endocrine Society. Endocr J 2011; 58(9): 711–721.

7. de Wailly P, Oragano L, Radé F, Beaulieu A, Arnault V, Levillain P, Kraimps JL. Malignant pheochromocytoma: new malignancy criteria. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397(2): 239–246.

8. Pacak K, Linehan WM, Eisenhofer G, Walther MM, Goldstein DS. Recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134(4): 315–329.

9. Pacák K. Endokrinní nádory nadledvin v současné klinické praxi. Praha: Galén 2011.

10. Korobkin M, Giordano TJ, Brodeur FJ, Francis IR, Sigelnam ES, Quint LE, Dunnick NR, Heiken JP, Wangh H. Adrenal adenomas: ralationship between histologic lipid and CT a MRI findings. Radiology 1996; 200: 743–747.

11. Boland GW, Blake MA, Hahn PF, Mayo-Smith WW. Incidental adrenal lesions: principles, techniques, and algorithms for imaging characterization. Radiology 2008; 249(3): 756–775.

12. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Platt JF, Dunnick NR, Raghupathi KI. Adrenal masses: characterization with combined unenhanced and delayed enhanced CT. Radiology 2002; 222(3): 629–633.

13. Kebapci M, Kaya T, Gorbuz E Adapinar B, Kebapci N. Differentiation af adrenal adenomas (lipid rich and lipid poor) from nonadenomas by use of washout characteristics on delayed enhanced CT. Abdom Imag 2003; 28: 709–715.

14. Szolar DH, Korobkin M, Reittner P, et al. Adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas: mass and enhancement loss evaluation at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 2005; 234: 479–485.

15. Boland GW. Characterization od adrenal masses by using FDG PET: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. Radiology 2011; 259(1): 117–126.

16. Fassnacht M, Allolio B. Clinical management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23(2): 273–289.

17. Grumbach MM, Miller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA, Hartus EL, Lee JK, Oertel YC. Management of clinical inapparent adrenal mass (incidentaloma). Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 424–429.

18. Zhang HM, Perrier ND, Grubbs EG, Sircar K, Ye ZX, Lee JE, Ng CS. CT features and quantification of the characteristics of adrenocortical carcinomas on unenhanced and contrast-enhanced studies. Clin Radiol 2012; 67(1): 38–46.

19. Bessell-Browne R, O’Malley ME. CT of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Risk of Adverse Events with IV Administration of Nonionic Contrast Material. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 970–974.

20. Ferdová E, Ferda J, Hes O, Daum O, Skalický T, Třeška V. Zobrazení feochromocytomů a paragangliomů retroperitonea pomocí 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Ceska Radiologie 2010; 64(4): 259–265.

21. Rubello D, Vui C, Casara M, Gross D, Fig LM, Shapiro B. Functional Scintigraphy of the Adrenal Gland. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 147: 13–27.

22. Lim JW, Kim HJ, Lee DH, Ko YT. Bilateral adrenal masses: Algorithm approach for diagnosis. Eur Radiol 2005; 15(Suppl 1): 455 (Abstr.).

23. Blake MA, Cronin CG, Boland GW. Adrenal imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194(6): 1450–1460.

24. Ferozzi F, Tognini G, Giuliotti S, Zuccoli G, Zompatori M. Unusual tumors of the adrenals: CT, MR findings. Eur Radiol 2003; 13(Suppl 1): 459 (Abstr.).

25. Slovis TL. Caffey’s Pediatric Diagnostic Imaging.11. ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier 2008; 2215–2220.

26. Johnson PT. Adrenal Imaging with MDCT:Nonneoplastic Disease. AJR 2009; 193: 1128–1135.

27. Vlahos I. CT of the adrenal: not just distinguishing non-adenoma versus adenoma. Clin Radiol 2012; 67(1): 47–48.

28. Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Ali A, Giovagnetti M., Opocher G, Angeli AA. Survey on Adrenal Incidentaloma in Italy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 637–444.

29. Rossi R, Tauchmanova L, Luciano A, Martino M, Battista C, Viscovo L, Nuzzo V, Lombardi G. Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome in Patients with Adrenal Incidentaloma: Clinical and Biochemical Features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1440–1448.

30. Ctvrtlík F, Herman M, Student V, Tichá V, Minarík J. Differential diagnosis of incidentally detected adrenal masses revealed on routine abdominal CT. Eur J Radiol 2009; 69(2): 243–252.

31. Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, Hamrahian AH, Angelos P, Elaraj D, Fishman E, Kharlip J. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; American Association of Endocrine Surgeons. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Medical Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract 2009; 15(5): 450–453.

32. Aron D, Terzolo M, Cawood TJ. Adrenal incidentalomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 26(1): 69–82.

Štítky
Paediatric urologist Nephrology Urology
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#