Flow cytometry immunophenotyping of the bone marrow samples for the diagnosis of hematologic neoplasms
Authors:
Ondřej Souček 1,3; Petra Kašparová 2,3; Vladimíra Řezáčová 1; Jan Krejsek 1,3
Authors place of work:
Ústav klinické imunologie a alergologie, Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové
1; Fingerlandův ústav patologie, Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové
2; Lékařská fakulta v Hradci Králové, Univerzita Karlova v Praze
3
Published in the journal:
Čes.-slov. Patol., 59, 2023, No. 4, p. 157-167
Category:
Reviews Article
Summary
Analysis of bone marrow samples by flow cytometry is essential for the diagnosis of hematological neoplasms. The technique provides rapid determination of the presence, lineage, and approximate stage of maturity of the pathological population by analyzing the expression of surface, cytoplasmic, and nuclear molecules. Despite the indisputable advantages, flow cytometry has its limits, which, however, replace other techniques, especially morphological and immunohistochemical examinations. It is immunohistochemistry that shares with flow cytometry the basic principle of detection of the pathological population as well as the portfolio of investigated molecules. Both techniques however offer different points of view on the given sample and complement each other. The combination of both procedures often provides the desired detailed picture of the presence and type of pathological population in the bone marrow.
The article provides an overview of basic procedures in the diagnosis of hematological malignancies using flow cytometry and reflects on the strengths and weaknesses of flow cytometry in relation to immunohistochemical examination.
Keywords:
immunohistochemistry – Flow cytometry – immunophenotyping – diagnosis of hematological neoplasms
Zdroje
- Peters JM, Ansari MQ. Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Leukemia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135.
- Wood BL. Flow cytometry in the diagnosis and monitoring of acute leukemia in children. J Hematop 2015; 8(3): 191–199.
- Porwit A, Béné MC. Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Origin. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144(3): 361–376.
- Ossenkoppele GJ, van de Loosdrecht AA, Schuurhuis GJ. Review of the relevance of aberrant antigen expression by flow cytometry in myeloid neoplasms. Br J Haematol. 2011; 153(4): 421–36.
- Wood BL. Principles of minimal residual disease detection for hematopoietic neoplasms by flow cytometry. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2016; 90(1): 47–53.
- Bene MC, Castoldi G, Knapp W, Ludwig WD, Matutes E, Orfao A, et al. Proposals for the immunological classification of acute leukemias. European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL). Leukemia 1995; 9(10): 1783–1786.
- Lee ST, Kim HJ, Kim SH. Defining an Optimal Number of Immunophenotypic Markers for Lineage Assignment of Acute Leukemias Based on the EGIL Scoring System. Korean J Lab Med 2006; 26(6): 393–399.
- Genescà E, la Starza R. Early T-Cell Precursor ALL and Beyond: Immature and Ambiguous Lineage T-ALL Subsets. Cancers 2022; 14(8):1873.
- Craig FE, Foon KA. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasms. Blood 2008; 111(8): 3941–3967.
- Morice WG, Kurtin PJ, Hodnefield JM, Shanafelt TD, Hoyer JD, Remstein ED, et al. Predictive Value of Blood and Bone Marrow Flow Cytometry in B-Cell Lymphoma Classification: Comparative Analysis of Flow Cytometry and Tissue Biopsy in 252 Patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83(7): 776–785.
- Seegmiller AC, Hsi ED, Craig FE. The current role of clinical flow cytometry in the evaluation of mature B-cell neoplasms. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2019; 96(1): 20–29.
- Debord C, Wuilleme S, Eveillard M, Theisen O, Godon C, Le Bris Y, et al. Flow cytometry in the diagnosis of mature B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Int J Lab Hematol 2020; 42: 113–120.
- Miguet L, Béchade G, Fornecker L, Zink E, Felden C, Gervais C, et al. Proteomic Analysis of Malignant B-Cell Derived Microparticles Reveals CD148 as a Potentially Useful Antigenic Biomarker for Mantle Cell Lymphoma Diagnosis [Internet]. ACS Publications. American Chemical Society; 2009. https://pubs.acs. org/doi/pdf/10.1021/pr801102c
- Rawstron AC, Fazi C, Agathangelidis A, Villamor N, Letestu R, Nomdedeu J, et al. A complementary role of multiparameter flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing for minimal residual disease detection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an European Research Initiative on CLL study. Leukemia 2016; 30(4): 929–936.
- Rawstron AC, Kreuzer KA, Soosapilla A, Spacek M, Stehlikova O, Gambell P, et al. Reproducible diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by flow cytometry: An European Research Initiative on CLL (ERIC) & European Society for Clinical Cell Analysis (ESCCA) Harmonisation project. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2018; 94(1): 121–128.
- Kroft SH, Dawson DB, McKenna RW. Large cell lymphoma transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. A flow cytometric analysis of seven cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115(3): 385–395.
- Higgins RA, Blankenship JE, Kinney MC. Application of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132(3): 441–461.
- Maitre E, Troussard X. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2019; 32(3): 229–238.
- Marti GE, Rawstron AC, Ghia P, Hillmen P, Houlston RS, Kay N, et al. Diagnostic criteria for monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Br J Haematol 2005; 130(3): 325–332.
- Alaggio R, Amador C, Anagnostopoulos I, Attygalle AD, Araujo IB de O, Berti E, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms. Leukemia 2022; 36(7): 1720–1748.
- Behdad A, Bailey NG. Diagnosis of Splenic B-Cell Lymphomas in the Bone Marrow: A Review of Histopathologic, Immunophenotypic, and Genetic Findings. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138(10): 1295–1301.
- Shi M, Olteanu H, Jevremovic D, He R, Viswanatha D, Corley H, et al. T-cell clones of uncertain significance are highly prevalent and show close resemblance to T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Implications for laboratory diagnostics. Mod Pathol 2020; 33(10): 2046–2057.
- Horna P, Shi M, Olteanu H, Johansson U. Emerging Role of T-cell Receptor Constant β Chain-1 (TRBC1) Expression in the Flow Cytometric Diagnosis of T-cell Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22(4): 1817.
- Novikov ND, Griffin GK, Dudley G, Drew M, Rojas-Rudilla V, Lindeman NI, et al. Utility of a Simple and Robust Flow Cytometry Assay for Rapid Clonality Testing in Mature Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 151(5): 494–503.
- Jelinek T, Bezdekova R, Zatopkova M, Burgos L, Simicek M, Sevcikova T, et al. Current applications of multiparameter flow cytometry in plasma cell disorders. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7(10): e617–e617.
- Jelinek T, Bezděková R, Zihala D, Sevcikova T, Capkova L, Polackova P, et al. Circulating Plasma Cells Are the Most Powerful Prognostic Marker in Transplant Ineligible Multiple Myeloma with 2% As a New Cut-Off for Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia. Blood 2021; 138: 546.
- Flores-Montero J, Sanoja-Flores L, Paiva B, Puig N, García-Sánchez O, Böttcher S, et al. Next Generation Flow for highly sensitive and standardized detection of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 31(10): 2094–2103.
- Kumar S, Paiva B, Anderson KC, Durie B, Landgren O, Moreau P, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17(8): e328–346.
- Burgos L, Tamariz-Amador LE, Puig N, Cedena MT, Guerrero C, Jelínek T, et al. Definition and Clinical Significance of the Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance–Like Phenotype in Patients With Monoclonal Gammopathies. J Clin Oncol 2023; JCO.22.01916.
- Bento LC, Correia RP, Pitangueiras Mangueira CL, De Souza Barroso R, Rocha FA, Bacal NS, et al. The Use of Flow Cytometry in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: A Review. Front Oncol 2017; 7: 270.
- Aanei CM, Picot T, Tavernier E, Guyotat D, Campos Catafal L. Diagnostic Utility of Flow Cytometry in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Front Oncol 2016; 6: 161.
- van de Loosdrecht AA, Westers TM, Westra AH, Dräger AM, van der Velden VHJ, Ossenkoppele GJ. Identification of distinct prognostic subgroups in lowand intermediate-1–risk myelodysplastic syndromes by flow cytometry. Blood 2008; 111(3): 1067–1077.
- Duetz C, Westers TM, van de Loosdrecht AA. Clinical Implication of Multi-Parameter Flow Cytometry in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Pathobiology 2019; 86(1): 14–23.
- Porta MGD, Picone C, Pascutto C, Malcovati L, Tamura H, Handa H, et al. Multicenter validation of a reproducible flow cytometric score for the diagnosis of low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes: results of a European LeukemiaNET study. Haematologica 2012; 97(8): 1209–1217.
- Della Porta MG, Picone C. Diagnostic Utility of Flow Cytometry in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9(1): e2017017.
- Hudson CA, Burack WR, Bennett JM. Emerging utility of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2018; 73: 12–15.
- Tarfi S, Harrivel V, Dumezy F, Guy J, Roussel M, Mimoun A, et al. Multicenter validation of the flow measurement of classical monocyte fraction for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia diagnosis. Blood Cancer J 2018; 8(11): 114.
- Selimoglu-Buet D, Wagner-Ballon O, Saada V, Bardet V, Itzykson R, Bencheikh L, et al. Characteristic repartition of monocyte subsets as a diagnostic signature of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood 2015; 125(23):3618–3626.
- Shi M, Nguyen P, Jevremovic D. Flow Cytometric Assessment of Chronic Myeloid Neoplasms. Clin Lab Med 2017; 37(4): 803–819.
- Escribano L, Díaz-Agustín B, Núñez R, Prados A, Rodríguez R, Orfao A. Abnormal Expression of CD Antigens in Mastocytosis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2002; 127(2): 127–132.
- Pozdnyakova O, Kondtratiev S, Li B, Charest K, Dorfman DM. High-Sensitivity Flow Cytometric Analysis for the Evaluation of Systemic Mastocytosis Including the Identification of a New Flow Cytometric Criterion for Bone Marrow Involvement. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 138(3): 416–424.
- Sánchez-Muñoz L, Teodosio C, Morgado JMT, Perbellini O, Mayado A, Alvarez-Twose I, et al. Flow cytometry in mastocytosis: utility as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34(2): 297–313.
Štítky
Anatomical pathology Forensic medical examiner ToxicologyČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Czecho-Slovak Pathology
2023 Číslo 4
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Flow cytometry immunophenotyping of the bone marrow samples for the diagnosis of hematologic neoplasms
- The role of flow cytometry in the investigation of lymph node and extranodal lymphatic tissue specimen
- Fat-poor spindle cell lipoma: a case report
- INTERVIEW