Recommended surgical treatment methods in patients with idiopathic infl ammatory bowel dis eases – part 1: pre-operative preparation

Česká verzia

Authors: Z. Šerclová ¹; O. Ryska ¹; M. Bortlík ^2,3; D. Ďuricová ^2,4 ; R. Gürlich ⁵; P. Lisý ⁵; J. Örhalmi ⁶; P. Kohout ⁷; L. Prokopová ⁸; V. Zbořil ⁸; T. Douda ⁹; P. Drastich ¹⁰ ; A. Novotný ¹¹; P. Matějková ¹²; K. Mareš ¹³; O. Shonová ¹⁴; Luděk Hrdlička ¹⁵; J. Koželuhová ¹⁶; J. Stehlík ¹⁷; M. Kasalický ¹⁸; J. Kalvach ¹⁸; J. Bronský ¹⁹; M. Tomanová ²⁰ ; M. Liberda ²¹; Přemysl Falt ²² ; M. Lukáš ²
Authors place of work: Chirurgické oddělení, Nemocnice Hořovice, a. s. ¹; Klinické a výzkumné centrum pro střevní záněty ISCARE I. V. F. a. s., Praha ²; Interní klinika 1. LF UK a ÚVN, Praha ³; Ústav farmakologie, 1. LF UK, Praha ⁴; Chirurgická klinika 3. LF UK a FN Královské Vinohrady, Praha ⁵; Chirurgická klinika LF UK a FN Hradec Králové ⁶; Interní oddělení, Fakultní Thomayerova nemocnice, Praha ⁷; Interní gastroenterologická klinika FN Brno ⁸; II. interní gastroenterologická klinika FN Hradec Králové ⁹; Klinika hepatogastroenterologie, IKEM, Praha ¹⁰; IV. interní klinika – klinika gastroenterologie a hepatologie 1. LF UK a VFN v Praze ¹¹; Gastroenterologie EGK s. r. o., Sanatorium sv. Anny, Praha ¹²; Interní oddělení, Nemocnice Na Homolce, Praha ¹³; Gastroenterologické oddělení, Nemocnice České Budějovice ¹⁴; Gastroenterologická ambulance, Poliklinika Budějovická, Praha ¹⁵; I. interní klinika FN Plzeň ¹⁶; Gastroenterologické oddělení, Krajská zdravotní a. s., Ústí nad Labem ¹⁷; Chirurgická klinika 2. LF UK a ÚVN Praha ¹⁸; Pediatrická klinika LF UK a FN v Motole, Praha ¹⁹; Interní oddělení, Nemocnice Jihlava ²⁰; Gastroenterologická ambulance, Nemocnice Valašské Meziříčí ²¹; Centrum péče o zažívací trakt, Vítkovická nemocnice a. s., Ostrava ²²
Published in the journal: Gastroent Hepatol 2015; 69(1): 12-24
Category: IBD: Guidelines
doi: https://doi.org/10.14735/amgh201512

Summary

Medical care for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is complex. The gastroenterologist and surgeon are the most engaged specializations. Surgical treatment improves the quality of life, however its results depend on the correct indication for surgery, on the patient’s preconditioning and appropriate timing. The aim of the working group for inflammatory bowel disease is to create a review of conditions for surgical treatment, its relationship to conservative treatment and appropriate operating procedures for optimal care of patients with IBD. The first part of the review is focused on the preparation of patients for surgery.

Key words:
surgical treatment – inflammatory bowel diseases – pre‑operative preparation

The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.

The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE „uniform requirements“ for biomedical papers.

Submitted:
30. 12. 2014

Accepted:
30. 1. 2015

Zdroje

1. Aratari A, Papi C, Leandro G et al. Early versus late surgery for ileo‑ caecal Crohn‘s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26(10): 1303– 1312.

2. Bernstein CN, Ng SC, Lakatos PL et al. A review of mortality and surgery in ulcerative colitis: milestones of the seriousness of the disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19(9): 2001– 2010. doi: 10.1097/ MIB. 0b013e318281f3bb.

3. Burisch J, Weimers P, Pedersen N et al. Health‑related quality of life improves during one year of medical and surgical treatment in a European population‑based inception cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease – an ECCO‑ EpiCom study. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8(9): 1030– 1042. doi: 10.1016/ j.crohns.2014.01.028.

4. Kaplan GG, McCarthy EP, Ayanian JZ et al. Impact of hospital volume on postoperative morbidity and mortality following a colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2008; 134(3): 680– 687. doi: 10.1053/ j.gastro.2008.01.004.

5. CEBM. Oxford Centre for Evidence‑based Medicine – Levels of Evidence (March 2009). Available from: http:/ / www.cebm.net/ oxford‑ centre‑evidence‑based‑ medicine‑ levels‑ evidence‑ march‑ 2009/ .

6. Dalkey N, Helmer O. An experimental application of the delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science 1963; 9(3): 458– 467.

7. Melmed GY, Siegel CA. Quality improvement in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY) 2013; 9(5): 286– 292.

8. Hwang JM, Varma MG. Surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(17): 2678– 2690.

9. Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL. Weekend hospitalisations and post‑operative complications following urgent surgery for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37(9): 895– 904. doi: 10.1111/ apt.12272.

10. Nguyen GC, Steinhart AH. Nationwide patterns of hospitalizations to centers with high volume of admissions for inflammatory bowel disease and their impact on mortality. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14(12): 1688– 1694. doi: 10.1002/ ibd.20526.

11. Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Does it matter where you are hospitalized for inflammatory bowel disease? A nationwide analysis of hospital volume. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103(11): 2789– 2798. doi: 10.1111/ j.1572‑ 0241.2008.02054.x.

12. Kaplan GG, McCarthy EP, Ayanian JZ et al. Impact of hospital volume on postoperative morbidity and mortality following a colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2008; 134(3): 680– 687. doi: 10.1053/ j.gastro.2008.01.004.

13. Tekkis PP, Fazio VW, Lavery IC et al. Evaluation of the learning curve in ileal pouch‑ anal anastomosis surgery. Ann Surg 2005; 241(2): 262– 268.

14. Burns EM, Bottle A, Aylin P et al. Volume analysis of outcome following restorative proctocolectomy. Br J Surg 2011; 98(3): 408– 417. doi: 10.1002/ bjs.7312.

15. Kennedy ED, Rothwell DM, Cohen Z et al.Increased experience and surgical technique lead to improved outcome after ileal pouch‑ anal anastomosis: a population‑based study. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49(7): 958– 965.

16. Allison S, Corman ML. Intestinal stomas in Crohn‘s disease. Surg Clin North Am 2001; 81(1): 185– 195.

17. Danielsen AK, Rosenberg J. Patient education after stoma creation may reduce health‑ care costs. Dan Med J 2014; 61(4): A4659.

18. Marrie RA, Garland A, Peschken CA et al. Increased incidence of critical illness among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population‑based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12(12): 2063– 2070. doi: 10.1016/ j.cgh.2014.03.033.

19. Ha C, Maser EA, Kornbluth A. Clinical presentation and outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease patients admitted to the intensive care unit. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47(6): 485– 490. doi: 10.1097/ MCG.0b013e318275d981.

20. Hebuterne X, Filippi J, Schneider SM. Nutrition in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Drug Targets 2014; 15(11): 1030– 1038.

21. Massironi S, Rossi RE, Cavalcoli FA et al.Nutritional deficiencies in inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic approaches. Clin Nutr 2013; 32(6): 904– 910. doi: 10.1016/ j.clnu.2013.03.020.

22. Panés J, Bouzas R, Chaparro M et al. Systematic review: the use of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis, assessment of activity and abdominal complications of Crohn‘s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34(2): 125– 145. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365‑ 2036.2011.04710.x.

23. Černý V, Cvachovec K, Ševčík P et al. Doporučený postup vyšetření před diagnostickými nebo léčebnými výkony operační a neoperační povahy s požadavkem anesteziologické péče (tzv. předanestetické vyšetření). Česká společnost anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny 2009. [online]. Dostupné z: http:/ / www.csarim.cz/ Public/ csarim/ doc/ postupy/ MP_CSARIM_Predanest_vysetreni_verze_2_final_190509.pdf.

24. Kanazawa A, Yamana T, Okamoto K et al. Risk factors for postoperative intra‑ abdominal septic complications after bowel resection in patients with Crohn‘s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55(9): 957– 962. doi: 10.1097/ DCR.0b013e3182617716.

25. Alves A, Panis Y, Bouhnik Y et al. Risk factors for intra‑ abdominal septic complications after a first ileocecal resection for Crohn‘s disease: a multivariate analysis in 161 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50(3): 331– 336.

26. Coakley BA, Divino CM. Identifying factors predictive of surgical‑ site infections after colectomy for fulminant ulcerative colitis. Am Surg 2012; 78(4): 481– 484.

27. BAPEN. MUST Calculator. Available from: http:/ / www.bapen.org.uk/ screening‑ for‑ malnutrition/ must‑ calculator.

28. Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP et al. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987; 11(1): 8– 13.

29. Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg Oet al. Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2003; 22(3): 321– 336.

30. Barendregt K, Soeters PB, Allison SP et al.Diagnosis of malnutrition – screening and assessment. In: Sobotka L (ed). Basics in clinical nutrition. Prague: Galen 2000.

31. Kohout P et al. Dokumentace a hodnocení nutričního stavu pacientů. 1. ed. Praha: Forsapi 2011.

32. Regueiro M. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation of fistulizing Crohn‘s disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2002; 12(3): 621– 633.

33. Fallis SA, Murphy P, Sinha R et al. Magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn‘s disease: a comparison with the findings at surgery. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15(10): 1273– 1280. doi: 10.1111/ codi.12361.

35. Lee SS, Kim AY, Yang SK et al. Crohn disease of the small bowel: comparison of CT enterography, MR enterography, and small‑bowel follow‑through as diagnostic techniques. Radiology 2009; 251(3): 751– 761. doi: 10.1148/ radiol.2513081184.

36. Maconi G, Sampietro GM, Parente F et al. Contrast radiology, computed tomography and ultrasonography in detecting internal fistulas and intra‑ abdominal abscesses in Crohn‘s disease: a prospective comparative study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(7): 1545– 1555.

37. Panés J, Bouzas R, Chaparro M et al. Systematic review: the use of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis, assessment of activity and abdominal complications of Crohn‘s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34(2): 125– 145. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365‑ 2036.2011.04710.x.

38. Kroeker KI, Lam S, Birchall I et al. Patients with IBD are exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation through CT scan diagnostic imaging: a five‑year study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45(1): 34– 39. doi: 10.1097/ MCG.0b013e3181e5d1c5.

39. Strobel D, Goertz RS, Bernatik T. Diagnostics in inflammatory bowel disease: ultrasound. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(27): 3192– 3197. doi: 10.3748/ wjg.v17.i27.3192.

40. Fazio VW, Tekkis PP, Remzi F et al. Quantification of risk for pouch failure after ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery. Ann Surg 2003; 238(4): 605– 614.

41. Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Cassinotti A et al.Imaging of perianal Crohn‘s disease. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39(10): 970– 978.

42. Sloots CE, Felt‑ Bersma RJ, Poen AC et al. Assessment and classification of fistula‑ in‑ano in patients with Crohn’s disease by hydrogen peroxide enhanced transanal ultrasound. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001; 16(5): 292– 297.

43. Van Bodegraven AA, Sloots CE, Felt‑ Bersma RJ et al. Endosonographic evidence of persistence of Crohn‘s disease‑associated fistulas after infliximab treatment, irrespective of clinical response. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45(1): 39– 45.

44. Schaefer O, Lohrmann C, Langer M. Assessment of anal fistulas with high‑resolution subtraction MR‑ fistulography: comparison with surgical findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 19(1): 91– 98.

45. Buchanan GN, Halligan S, Bartram CI et al. Clinical examination, endosonography, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano: comparison with outcome‑based reference standard. Radiology 2004; 233(3): 674– 681.

46. Siddiqui MR, Ashrafian H, Tozer P et al.A diagnostic accuracy meta‑analysis of endoanal ultrasound and MRI for perianal fistula assessment. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55(5): 576– 585. doi: 10.1097/ DCR. 0b013e318249d26c.

47. Schwartz DA, Wiersema MJ, Dudiak KM et al. A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and exam under anesthesia for evaluation of Crohn’s perianal fistulas. Gastroenterology 2001; 121(5): 1064– 1072.

48. Yousem DM, Fishman EK, Jones B. Crohn disease: perirectal and perianal findings at CT. Radiology 1988; 167(2): 331– 334.

49. Kuijpers HC, Schulpen T. Fistulography for fistula‑ in‑ano. Is it useful? Dis Colon Rectum 1985; 28(2): 103– 104.

50. Mizrahi N, Wexner SD, Zmora O et al. Endorectal advancement flap: are there predictors of failure? Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45(12): 1616– 1621.

51. Jie B, Jiang ZM, Nolan MT et al. Impact of preoperative nutritional support on clinical outcome in abdominal surgical patients at nutritional risk. Nutrition 2012; 28(10): 1022– 1027. doi: 10.1016/ j.nut.2012.01.017.

52. Zhang Y, Gu Y, Guo T et al. Perioperative immunonutrition for gastrointestinal cancer: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Surg Oncol 2012; 21(2): 87– 95. doi: 10.1016/ j.suronc.2012.01.002.

53. Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr 2006; 25(2): 224– 244.

54. Braga M, Ljungqvist O et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: surgery. Clin Nutr 2009; 28(4): 378– 386. doi: 10.1016/ j.clnu.2009.04.002.

55. O‘Doherty AF, West M, Jack S et al. Preoperative aerobic exercise training in elective intra‑ cavity surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110(5): 679– 689. doi: 10.1093/ bja/ aes514.

56. Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Schwenk W et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations. World J Surg 2013; 37(2): 259– 284. doi: 10.1007/ s00268‑ 012‑ 1772‑ 0.

57. Kotani N, Hashimoto H, Sessler DI et al. Smoking decreases alveolar macrophage function during anesthesia and surgery. Anestesiology 2000; 92(5): 1268– 1277.

58. Tonnesen H, Rosenberg J, Nielsen HJ et al. Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999; 318(7194): 1311– 1316.

59. Dunne JR, Malone D, Tracy JK et al. Perioperative anemia: an independent risk factor for infection, mortality, and resource utilization in surgery. J Surg Res 2002; 102(2): 237– 244.

60. Aszodi A, Ponsky JL. Effects of corticosteroid on the healing bowel anastomosis. Am Surg 1984; 50(10): 546– 548.

61. Heuschen UA, Hinz U, Allemeyer EH et al. Risk factors for ileoanal J pouch‑related septic complications in ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Ann Surg 2002; 235(2): 207– 216.

62. Lim M, Sagar P, Abdulgader A et al. The impact of preoperative immunomodulation on pouch‑related septic complications after ileal pouch‑ anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50(7): 943– 951.

63. Ziv Y, Church JM, Fazio VW et al. Effect of systemic steroids on ileal pouch‑ anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39(5): 504– 508.

64. Mahadevan U, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ et al. Azathioprine or 6‑ mercaptopurine before colectomy for ulcerative colitis is not associated with increased postoperative complications. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002; 8(5): 311– 316.

65. Beddy D, Dozois EJ, Pemberton JH. Perioperative complications in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17(7): 1610– 1619. doi: 10.1002/ ibd.21504.

66. Alves A, Panis Y, Bouhnik Y et al. Risk factors for intra‑ abdominal septic complications after a first ileocecal resection for Crohn‘s disease: a multivariate analysis in 161 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50(3): 331– 336.

67. Post S, Betzler M, von Ditfurth B et al. Risks of intestinal anastomoses in Crohn‘s disease. Ann Surg 1991; 213(1): 37– 42.

68. Yamamoto T, Allan RN, Keighley MR. Risk factors for intra‑ abdominal sepsis after surgery in Crohn‘s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43(8): 1141– 1145.

69. Subramanian V, Saxena S, Kang JY et al. Preoperative steroid use and risk of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing abdominal surgery. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103(9): 2373– 2381. doi: 10.1111/ j.1572‑ 0241.2008.01942.x.

70. Huang W, Tang Y, Nong L et al. Risk factors for postoperative intra‑ abdominal septic complications after surgery in Crohn‘s disease: a meta‑analysis of observational studies. J Crohns Colitis 2015. [In press].

71. Nguyen GC, Elnahas A, Jackson TD. The impact of preoperative steroid use on short‑term outcomes following surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8(12): 1661– 1667. doi: 10.1016/ j.crohns.2014.07.007.

72. Wakim JH, Sledge KC. Anesthetic implications for patients receiving exogenous corticosteroids. AANA J 2006; 74(2): 133– 139.

73. Marik PE, Varon J. Requirement of perioperative stress doses of corticosteroids: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Surg 2008; 143(12): 1222– 1226. doi: 10.1001/ archsurg.143.12.1222.

74. Kehlet H. Clinical course and hypothalamic‑ pituitary‑adrenocortical function in glucocorticoid‑treated surgical patients. Copenhagen, Denmark: FADL Forlag 1976.

75. Subramanian V, Pollok RC, Kang JY et al. Systematic review of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunomodulators. Br J Surg 2006; 93(7): 793– 799.

76. Myrelid P, Olaison G, Sjödahl R et al. Thiopurine therapy is associated with postoperative intra‑ abdominal septic complications in abdominal surgery for Crohn‘s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52(8): 1387– 1394. doi: 10.1007/ DCR.0b013e3181a7ba96.

77. Hyde GM, Jewell DP, Kettlewell MG et al.Cyclosporin for severe ulcerative colitis does not increase the rate of perioperative complications. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44(10): 1436– 1440.

78. Bregnbak D, Mortensen C, Bendtsen F.Infliximab and complications after colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6(3): 281– 286. doi: 10.1016/ j.crohns.2011.08.014.

79. Norgard BM, Nielsen J, Qvist N et al. Pre‑operative use of anti‑TNF‑α agents and the risk of post‑operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis – a nationwide cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35(11): 1301– 1309. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365‑ 2036.2012.05099.x.

80. Selvasekar CR, Cima RR, Larson DW et al.Effect of infliximab on short‑term complications in patients undergoing operation for chronic ulcerative colitis. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204(5): 956– 962.

81. Mor IJ, Vogel JD, da Luz Moreira Aet al. Infliximab in ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications after restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2008; 51(8): 1202– 1207. doi: 10.1007/ s10350‑ 008‑ 9364‑ 7.

82. Eshuis EJ, Al Saady RL, Stokkers PC et al. Previous infliximab therapy and postoperative complications after proctocolectomy with ileum pouch anal anastomosis. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7(2): 142– 149. doi: 10.1016/ j.crohns.2012.03.013.

83. Coquet‑ Reinier B, Berdah SV, Grimaud JC et al. Preoperative infliximab treatment and postoperative complications after laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch‑ anal anastomosis: a case‑ matched study. Surg Endosc 2010; 24(8): 1866– 1871. doi: 10.1007/ s00464‑ 009‑ 0861‑ 0.

84. Ferrante M, D‘Hoore A, Vermeire S et al.Corticosteroids but not infliximab increase short‑term postoperative infectious complications in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15(7): 1062– 1070. doi: 10.1002/ ibd.20863.

85. Gainsbury ML, Chu DI, Howard LA et al.Preoperative infliximab is not associated with an increased risk of short‑term postoperative complications after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch‑ anal anastomosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15(3): 397– 403. doi: 10.1007/ s11605‑ 010‑ 1385‑ 6.

86. Schluender SJ, Ippoliti A, Dubinsky M et al. Does infliximab influence surgical morbidity of ileal pouch‑ anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis? Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50(11): 1747– 1753.

87. Yang Z, Wu Q, Wu K et al. Meta‑analysis: pre‑operative infliximab treatment and short‑term post‑operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31(4): 486– 492. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365‑ 2036.2009.04204.x.

88. Narula N, Charleton D, Marshall JK. Meta‑analysis: peri‑ operative anti‑TNFα treatment and post‑operative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37(11): 1057– 1064. doi: 10.1111/ apt.12313.

89. Colombel JF, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ et al. Early postoperative complications are not increased in patients with Crohn‘s disease treated perioperatively with infliximab or immunosuppressive therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99(5): 878– 883.

90. Kasparek MS, Bruckmeier A, Beigel F et al. Infliximab does not affect postoperative complication rates in Crohn‘s patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18(7): 1207– 1213. doi: 10.1002/ ibd.21860.

91. Marchal L, D‘Haens G, Van Assche G et al. The risk of post‑operative complications associated with infliximab therapy for Crohn‘s disease: a controlled cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19(7): 749– 754.

92. Nasir BS, Dozois EJ, Cima RR et al.Perioperative anti‑tumor necrosis factor therapy does not increase the rate of early postoperative complications in Crohn‘s disease. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14(12): 1859– 1865. doi: 10.1007/ s11605‑ 010‑ 1341‑ 5.

93. Norgard BM, Nielsen J, Qvist N et al. Pre‑operative use of anti‑TNF‑α agents and the risk of post‑operative complications in patients with Crohn‘s disease – a nationwide cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37(2): 214– 224. doi: 10.1111/ apt.12159.

94. Appau KA, Fazio VW, Shen B et al. Use of infliximab within 3 months of ileocolonic resection is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes in Crohn‘s patients. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12(10): 1738– 1744. doi: 10.1007/ s11605‑ 008‑ 0646‑ 0.

95. Syed A, Cross RK, Flasar MH. Anti‑tumor necrosis factor therapy is associated with infections after abdominal surgery in Crohn‘s disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108(4): 583– 593. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2012.464.

96. Kopylov U, Ben‑ Horin S, Zmora O et al. Anti‑tumor necrosis factor and postoperative complications in Crohn‘s disease: systematic review and meta‑analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18(12): 2404– 2413. doi: 10.1002/ ibd.22954.

97. Rosenfeld G, Qian H, Bressler B. The risks of post‑operative complications following pre‑operative infliximab therapy for Crohn‘s disease in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7(11): 868– 877. doi: 10.1016/ j.crohns.2013.01.019.

98. Waterman M, Xu W, Dinani A et al. Preoperative biological therapy and short‑term outcomes of abdominal surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2013; 62(3): 387– 394. doi: 10.1136/ gutjnl‑ 2011‑ 301495.

99. Kehlet H. Organizing postoperative accelerated recovery programs. Reg Anesth 1996; 21 (6 Suppl): 149– 151.

100. Svanfeldt M, Thorell A, Hausel J et al. Effect of „preoperative“ oral carbohydrate treatment on insulin action – a randomised cross‑ over unblinded study in healthy subjects. Clin Nutr 2005; 24(5): 815– 821.

101. Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Thorell A.Modulation of post‑operative insulin resistance by pre‑operative carbohydrate loading. Proc Nutr Soc 2002; 61(3): 329– 336.

102. Jung B, Lannerstad O, Pahlman L et al.Preoperative mechanical preparation of the colon: the patient’s experience. BMC Surg 2007; 7: 5.

103. Güenaga KF, Matos D, Wille‑ Jorgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (9): CD001544. doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD001544.pub4.

104. Nelson RL, Glenny AM, Song F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (1): CD001181. doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD001181.pub3.

105. Merrill A, Millham F. Increased risk of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a study of National Surgical Quality Improvement Program patients. Arch Surg 2012; 147(2): 120– 124. doi: 10.1001/ archsurg.2011.297.

106. Wallaert JB, De Martino RR, Marsicovetere PS et al. Venous thromboembolism after surgery for inflammatory bowel disease: are there modifiable risk factors? Data from ACS NSQIP. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55(11): 1138– 1144. doi: 10.1097/ DCR.0b013e3182698f60.

107. Gumulec J, Penka M, Bezděk R et al.Prevence žilní trombózy a plicní embolizace v chirurgii, v cévní chirurgii a v urologické chirurgii. Doporučení pro klinickou praxi. Sekce pro trombózu a hemostázu České hematologické společnosti ČLS JEP 2006. [online]. Dostupné z: http:/ / www.thrombosis.cz/ sources/ Guidelines‑ Chirurgie‑ prevence‑ TEN‑ STH‑ V06.pdf.

108. Nguyen GC, Bernstein CN, Bitton A et al.Consensus statements on the risk, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 2014; 146(3): 835– 848. doi: 10.1053/ j.gastro.2014.01.042.

109. Cheatham ML, Chapman WC, Key SP et al. A meta‑analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy. Ann Surg 1995; 221(5): 469– 476.

110. Wald HL, Ma A, Bratzler DW et al. Indwelling urinary catheter use in the postoperative period: analysis of the national surgical infection prevention project data. Arch Surg 2008; 143(6): 551– 557. doi: 10.1001/ archsurg.143.6.551.

111. Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche Set al. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid‑based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (4): CD001893.

112. Fearon KC, Ljungqvist O, Von Meyenfeldt M et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin Nutr 2005; 24(3): 466– 477.

113. Serclova Z, Dytrych P, Marvan J et al. Fast‑ track in open intestinal surgery: prospective randomized study (Clinical Trials Gov Identifier no. NCT00123456). Clin Nutr 2009; 28(6): 618– 624. doi: 10.1016/ j.clnu.2009.05.009.