Gastroscopy – quality standards of the Czech Society of Gastroenterology

1. Bisschops R, Areia M, Coron E et al. Performance measures for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Quality Improvement Initiative. Endoscopy 2016; 48(9): 843–864. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-113128.

2. Beg S, Ragunath K, Wyman A et al. Quality standards in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a position statement of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS). Gut 2017; 66(11): 1886–1899. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314109.

3. Guyatt G, Vist G, Falck-Ytter Y et al. An emerging consensus on grading recommendations? Evid Based Med 2006; 11(1): 2–4. doi: 10.1136/ebm.11.1.2-a.

4. Committee ASoP, Early DS, Lightdale JR et al. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87(2): 327–337. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.07.018.

5. De Silva AP, Amarasiri L, Liyanage MN et al. One-hour fast for water and six-hour fast for solids prior to endoscopy provides good endoscopic vision and results in minimum patient discomfort. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24(6): 1095–1097. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05782.x.

6. Koeppe AT, Lubini M, Bonadeo NM et al. Comfort, safety and quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy after 2 hours fasting: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 158. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-13-158.

7. Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration. Anesthesiology 2017; 126(3): 376–393. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452.

8. Vincent C, Neale G, Woloshynowych M. Adverse events in British hospitals: preliminary retrospective record review. BMJ 2001; 322(7285): 517–519. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7285.517.

9. Cullinane M, Gray AJG, Hargraves CMK et al. Scoping our practice. The 2004 report of the national confidential enquiry into patient outcome and death. 2022 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.ncepod.org.uk/2004report/Full_Report_2004.pdf.

10. Matharoo M, Thomas-Gibson S, Haycock A et al. Implementation of an endoscopy safety checklist. Frontline Gastroenterol 2014; 5(4): 260–265. doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2013-100393.

11. Hale G, McNab D. Developing a ward round checklist to improve patient safety. BMJ Qual Improv Rep 2015; 4(1): u204775.w2440. doi: 10.1136/bmjquality.u204775.w2440.

12. Bitar V, Martel M, Restellini S et al. Checklist feasibility and impact in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9(3): E453–E460. doi: 10.1055/a-1336-3464.

13. Gralnek IM, Bisschops R, Matharoo M et al. Guidance for the implementation of a safety checklist for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) position statement. Endoscopy 2022; 54(2): 206–210. doi: 10.1055/a-1695-3244.

14. Teh JL, Tan JR, Lau LJ et al. Longer examination time improves detection of gastric cancer during diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13(3): 480–487.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.059.

15. Park JM, Huo SM, Lee HH et al. Longer observation time increases proportion of neoplasms detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Gastroenterology 2017; 153(2): 460–469.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.009.

16. Yoshimizu S, Hirasawa T, Horiuchi Y et al. Differences in upper gastrointestinal neoplasm detection rates based on inspection time and esophagogastroduodenoscopy training. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6(10): E1190–E1197. doi: 10.1055/a-0655-7382.

17. Januszewicz W, Kaminski MF. Quality indicators in diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13: 1756284820916693. doi: 10.1177/1756284820916693.

18. Pimentel-Nunes P, Libanio D, Marcos-Pinto R et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019. Endoscopy 2019; 51(4): 365–388. doi: 10.1055/a-0859-1883.

19. Gupta N, Gaddam S, Wani SB et al. Longer inspection time is associated with increased detection of high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76(3): 531–538. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.04.470.

20. Akbayir N, Alkim C, Erdem L et al. Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the cervical esophagus (inlet patch): endoscopic prevalence, histological and clinical characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19(8): 891–896. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03474.x.

21. Maconi G, Pace F, Vago L et al. Prevalence and clinical features of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper oesophagus (inlet patch). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12(7): 745–749. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200012070-00005.

22. Peitz U, Vieth M, Evert M et al. The prevalence of gastric heterotopia of the proximal esophagus is underestimated, but preneoplasia is rare – correlation with Barrett's esophagus. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17(1): 87. doi: 10.1186/s12876-017-0644-3.

23. Rodriguez-de-Santiago E, Frazzoni L, Fuccio L et al. Digestive findings that do not require endoscopic surveillance – reducing the burden of care: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy 2020; 52(6): 491–497. doi: 10.1055/a-1137-4721.

24. Azar C, Jamali F, Tamim H et al. Prevalence of endoscopically identified heterotopic gastric mucosa in the proximal esophagus: endoscopist dependent? J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41(5): 468–471. doi: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225519.59030.8d.

25. Romanczyk M, Ostrowski B, Marek T et al. Composite detection rate as an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy quality measure correlating with detection of neoplasia. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56(7): 651–658. doi: 10.1007/s00535-021-01790-3.

26. Setting the shortest examination time of gastroscopy to improve the detection rate of upper gastrointestinal tumors. 2022 [online]. Dostupné z: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

27. Lee SY, Han HS, Cha JM et al. Endoscopic flushing with pronase improves the quantity and quality of gastric biopsy: a prospective study. Endoscopy 2014; 46(9): 747–753. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1365811.

28. Barakat MT, Huang RJ, Banerjee S. Simethicone is retained in endoscopes despite reprocessing: impact of its use on working channel fluid retention and adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence values (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89(1): 115–123. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.08.012.

29. Devereaux BM, Taylor ACF, Athan E et al. Simethicone use during gastrointestinal endoscopy: position statement of the Gastroenterological Society of Australia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34(12): 2086–2089. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14757.

30. Chang CC, Chen SH, Lin CP et al. Premedication with pronase or N-acetylcysteine improves visibility during gastroendoscopy: an endoscopist-blinded, prospective, randomized study. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13(3): 444–447. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i3.444.

31. Neale JR, James S, Callaghan J et al. Premedication with N-acetylcysteine and simethicone improves mucosal visualization during gastroscopy: a randomized, controlled, endoscopist-blinded study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25(7): 778–783. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32836076b2.

32. Asl SM, Sivandzadeh GR. Efficacy of premedication with activated Dimethicone or N-acetylcysteine in improving visibility during upper endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(37): 4213–4217. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i37.4213.

33. Bhandari P, Green S, Hamanaka H et al. Use of gascon and pronase either as a pre-endoscopic drink or as targeted endoscopic flushes to improve visibility during gastroscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45(3): 357–361. doi: 10.3109/00365520903483643.

34. Chen HW, Hsu HC, Hsieh TY et al. Pre-medication to improve esophagogastroduodenoscopic visibility: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Hepatogastroenterology 2014; 61(134): 1642–1648.

35. Elvas L, Areia M, Brito D et al. Premedication with simethicone and N-acetylcysteine in improving visibility during upper endoscopy: a double-blind randomized trial. Endoscopy 2017; 49(2): 139–145. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-119034.

36. Liu X, Guan CT, Xue LY et al. Effect of premedication on lesion detection rate and visualization of the mucosa during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a multicenter large sample randomized controlled double-blind study. Surg Endosc 2018; 32(8): 3548–3556. doi: 10.1007/s00464-018-6077-4.

37. Stepan M, Falt P, Pipek B et al. Administration of mucolytic solution before upper endoscopy – double-blind, monocentric, randomized study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2021. doi: 10.5507/bp.2021.038.

38. Campo R, Brullet E, Montserrat A et al. Topical pharyngeal anesthesia improves tolerance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized double-blind study. Endoscopy 1995; 27(9): 659–664. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1005783.

39. Evans LT, Saberi S, Kim HM et al. Pharyngeal anesthesia during sedated EGDs: is “the spray” beneficial? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63(6): 761–766. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.11.059.

40. Froehlich F, Schwizer W, Thorens J et al. Conscious sedation for gastroscopy: patient tolerance and cardiorespiratory parameters. Gastroenterology 1995; 108(3): 697–704. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90441-7.

41. American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology 2011; 114(3): 495–511. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181fcbfd9.

42. Sharma VK, Nguyen CC, Crowell MD et al. A national study of cardiopulmonary unplanned events after GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66(1): 27–34. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.12.040.

43. ASGE Standard of Practice Committee, Shergill AK, Ben-Menachem T et al. Guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76(1): 18–24. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.02.029.

44. American Association for Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association Institute et al. Multisociety sedation curriculum for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76(1): e1–e25. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.001.

45. Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates Guideline –Updated June 2015. Endoscopy 2015; 47(12): 1175–1189. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1393414.

46. Bell GD, Bown S, Morden A et al. Prevention of hypoxaemia during upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy by means of oxygen via nasal cannulae. Lancet 1987; 1(8540): 1022–1024. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92282-3.

47. ASGE Ensuring Safety in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit Task Force, Calderwood AH, Chapman FJ et al. Guidelines for safety in the gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 79(3): 363–372. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.12.015.

48. Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Beilenhoff U et al. European curriculum for sedation training in gastrointestinal endoscopy: position statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA). Endoscopy 2013; 45(6): 496–504. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1344142.

49. Rey JF, Lambert R, ESGE Quality Assurance Committee. ESGE recommendations for quality control in gastrointestinal endoscopy: guidelines for image documentation in upper and lower GI endoscopy. Endoscopy 2001; 33(10): 901–903. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-42537.

50. Yao K. The endoscopic diagnosis of early gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol 2013; 26(1): 11–22.

51. Committee AT, Murad FM, Banerjee S et al. Image management systems. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 79(1): 15–22. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.07.048.

52. Aabakken L, Rembacken B, LeMoine O et al. Minimal standard terminology for gastrointestinal endoscopy MST 3.0. Endoscopy 2009; 41(8): 727–728. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1214949.

53. Forrest JA, Finlayson ND, Shearman DJ. Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet 1974; 2(7877): 394–397. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91770-x.

54. Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47(10): a1–46. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1393172.

55. Bour B, Person B, Cales P et al. Interobserver agreement on endoscopic diagnosis of bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 46(1): 27–32. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70205-0.

56. Mondardini A, Barletti C, Rocca G et al. Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Forrest's classification: diagnostic agreement between endoscopists from the same area. Endoscopy 1998; 30(6): 508–512. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1001335.

57. Lau JY, Sung JJ, Chan AC et al. Stigmata of hemorrhage in bleeding peptic ulcers: an interobserver agreement study among international experts. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 46(1): 33–36. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70206-2.

58. The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon: November 30 to December 1, 2002. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58(6 Suppl): S3–43. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(03)02159-x.

59. Endoscopic Classification Review Group. Update on the paris classification of superficial neoplastic lesions in the digestive tract. Endoscopy 2005; 37(6): 570–578. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-861352.

60. Ribeiro H, Libanio D, Castro R et al. Reliability of Paris classification for superficial neoplastic gastric lesions improves with training and narrow band imaging. Endosc Int Open 2019; 7(5): E633–E640. doi: 10.1055/a-0828-7541.

61. Lundell LR, Dent J, Bennett JR et al. Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut 1999; 45(2): 172–180. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.2.172.

62. Armstrong D, Bennett JR, Blum AL et al. The endoscopic assessment of esophagitis: a progress report on observer agreement. Gastroenterology 1996; 111(1): 85–92.  doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8698230.

63. Lee YC, Lin JT, Chiu HM et al. Intraobserver and interobserver consistency for grading esophagitis with narrow-band imaging. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66(2): 230–236. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.10.056.

64. Sharma P, Dent J, Armstrong D et al. The development and validation of an endoscopic grading system for Barrett's esophagus: the Prague C & M criteria. Gastroenterology 2006; 131(5): 1392–1399. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.032.

65. Lee YC, Cook MB, Bhatia S et al. Interobserver reliability in the endoscopic diagnosis and grading of Barrett's esophagus: an Asian multinational study. Endoscopy 2010; 42(9): 699–704. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1255629.

66. Alvarez Herrero L, Curvers WL, van Vilsteren FG et al. Validation of the Prague C&M classification of Barrett's esophagus in clinical practice. Endoscopy 2013; 45(11): 876–882. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1344952.

67. Anand O, Wani S, Sharma P. When and how to grade Barrett's columnar metaplasia: the Prague system. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 22(4): 661–669. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2008.02.001.

68. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018; 69(2): 406–460. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.024.

69. LaBrecque DKA, Sarin SK, Le Mair AW. Esophageal varices. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines. 2022 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/esophageal-varices/esophageal-varices-english.

70. Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP et al. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992; 16(6): 1343–1349. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840160607.

71. Hirano I, Moy N, Heckman MG et al. Endoscopic assessment of the oesophageal features of eosinophilic oesophagitis: validation of a novel classification and grading system. Gut 2013; 62(4): 489–495. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301817.

72. Dellon ES, Cotton CC, Gebhart JH et al. Accuracy of the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference score in diagnosis and determining response to treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14(1): 31–39. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.040.

73. van Rhijn BD, Warners MJ, Curvers WL et al. Evaluating the endoscopic reference score for eosinophilic esophagitis: moderate to substantial intra- and interobserver reliability. Endoscopy 2014; 46(12): 1049–1055. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1377781.

74. Rodriguez-Sanchez J, Barrio-Andres J, Nantes Castillejo O et al. The endoscopic reference score shows modest accuracy to predict either clinical or histological activity in adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45(2): 300–309. doi: 10.1111/apt.13845.

75. Salek J, Clayton F, Vinson L et al. Endoscopic appearance and location dictate diagnostic yield of biopsies in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41(12): 1288–1295. doi: 10.1111/apt.13201.

76. Chen JW, Pandolfino JE, Lin Z et al. Severity of endoscopically identified esophageal rings correlates with reduced esophageal distensibility in eosinophilic esophagitis. Endoscopy 2016; 48(9): 794–801. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-107340.

77. Zargar SA, Kochhar R, Mehta S et al. The role of fiberoptic endoscopy in the management of corrosive ingestion and modified endoscopic classification of burns. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37(2): 165–169. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(91)70678-0.

78. Zargar SA, Kochhar R, Nagi B et al. Ingestion of strong corrosive alkalis: spectrum of injury to upper gastrointestinal tract and natural history. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87(3): 337–341.

79. Cheng HT, Cheng CL, Lin CH et al. Caustic ingestion in adults: the role of endoscopic classification in predicting outcome. BMC Gastroenterol 2008; 8: 31. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-8-31.

80. Hoffman RS, Burns MM, Gosselin S. Ingestion of caustic substances. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(18): 1739–1748. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1810769.

81. Spigelman AD, Williams CB, Talbot IC et al. Upper gastrointestinal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Lancet 1989; 2(8666): 783–785. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90840-4.

82. Saurin JC, Gutknecht C, Napoleon B et al. Surveillance of duodenal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis reveals high cumulative risk of advanced disease. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(3): 493–498. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.06.028.

83. Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM et al. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110(2): 223–262; quiz 263. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.435.

84. Haugen AS, Sevdalis N, Softeland E. Impact of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist on Patient Safety. Anesthesiology 2019; 131(2): 420–425. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002674.

85. Januszewicz W, Wieszczy P, Bialek A et al. Endoscopist biopsy rate as a quality indicator for outpatient gastroscopy: a multicenter cohort study with validation. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89(6): 1141–1149. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2019.01.008.

86. Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer 2019; 144(8): 1941–1953. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31937.

87. Kapadia CR. Gastric atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia: a clinical perspective. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36(5 Suppl): S29–36; discussion S61–62. doi: 10.1097/00004836-200305001-00006.

88. Ang TL, Pittayanon R, Lau JY et al. A multicenter randomized comparison between high-definition white light endoscopy and narrow band imaging for detection of gastric lesions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27(12): 1473–1478. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000478.

89. Chiu PWY, Uedo N, Singh R et al. An Asian consensus on standards of diagnostic upper endoscopy for neoplasia. Gut 2019; 68(2): 186–197. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317111.

90. Eriksson NK, Farkkila MA, Voutilainen ME et al. The clinical value of taking routine biopsies from the incisura angularis during gastroscopy. Endoscopy 2005; 37(6): 532–536. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-861311.

91. Isajevs S, Liepniece-Karele I, Janciauskas D et al. The effect of incisura angularis biopsy sampling on the assessment of gastritis stage. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26(5): 510–513. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000082.

92. Varbanova M, Wex T, Jechorek D et al. Impact of the angulus biopsy for the detection of gastric preneoplastic conditions and gastric cancer risk assessment. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69(1): 19–25. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202858.

93. Shichijo S, Hirata Y, Niikura R et al. Histologic intestinal metaplasia and endoscopic atrophy are predictors of gastric cancer development after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84(4): 618–624. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.791.

94. Simone A, Casadei A, De Vergori E et al. Rescue endoscopy to identify site of gastric dysplasia or carcinoma found at random biopsies. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43(9): 721–725. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.04.007.

95. Lim H, Jung HY, Park YS et al. Discrepancy between endoscopic forceps biopsy and endoscopic resection in gastric epithelial neoplasia. Surg Endosc 2014; 28(4): 1256–1262. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-3316-6.

96. Pouw RE, Barret M, Biermann K et al. Endoscopic tissue sampling – part 1: upper gastrointestinal and hepatopancreatobiliary tracts. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2021; 53(11): 1174–1188. doi: 10.1055/a-1611-5091.

97. Kodama M, Murakami K, Okimoto T et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication improves gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in long-term observation. Digestion 2012; 85(2): 126–130. doi: 10.1159/000334684.

98. Martinek J, Benes M, Brandtl P et al. Low incidence of adenocarcinoma and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a prospective cohort study. Endoscopy 2008; 40(9): 711–716. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1077502.

99. Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy 2017; 49(2): 191–198. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-122140.

100. Levine DS, Haggitt RC, Blount PL et al. An endoscopic biopsy protocol can differentiate high-grade dysplasia from early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 1993; 105(1): 40–50. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90008-z.

101. Abrams JA, Kapel RC, Lindberg GM et al. Adherence to biopsy guidelines for Barrett's esophagus surveillance in the community setting in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7(7): 736–742; quiz 710. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.12.027.

102. Pohl J, Nguyen-Tat M, Manner H et al. “Dry biopsies” with spraying of dilute epinephrine optimize biopsy mapping of long segment Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 2008; 40(11): 883–887. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1077678.

103. Martinek J, Maluskova J, Stefanova M et al. Improved specimen adequacy using jumbo biopsy forceps in patients with Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(17): 5328–5335. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5328.

104. Longcroft-Wheaton G, Brown J, Basford P et al. Duration of acetowhitening as a novel objective tool for diagnosing high risk neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a prospective cohort trial. Endoscopy 2013; 45(6): 426–432. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1326630.

105. Parasa S, Desai M, Vittal A et al. Estimating neoplasia detection rate (NDR) in patients with Barrett's oesophagus based on index endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2019; 68(12): 2122–2128. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317800.

106. Shiozaki H, Tahara H, Kobayashi K et al. Endoscopic screening of early esophageal cancer with the Lugol dye method in patients with head and neck cancers. Cancer 1990; 66(10): 2068–2071. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19901115)66:10<2068::aid-cncr2820661005>3.0.co;2-w.

107. Jones AS, Morar P, Phillips DE et al. Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 1995; 75(6): 1343–1353. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950315)75:6<1343::aid-cncr2820750617>3.0.co;2-t.

108. Scherubl H, von Lampe B, Faiss S et al. Screening for oesophageal neoplasia in patients with head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 2002; 86(2): 239–243. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600018.

109. Petit T, Georges C, Jung GM et al. Systematic esophageal endoscopy screening in patients previously treated for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2001; 12(5): 643–646. doi: 10.1023/a:1011191720336.

110. Ina H, Shibuya H, Ohashi I et al. The frequency of a concomitant early esophageal cancer in male patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Screening results using Lugol dye endoscopy. Cancer 1994; 73(8): 2038–2041. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940415)73:8<2038::aid-cncr2820730804>3.0.co;2-x.

111. Leon X, Quer M, Diez S et al. Second neoplasm in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1999; 21(3): 204–210. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0347(199905)21:3<204::aid-hed4>3.0.co;2-7.

112. Chen YH, Wang YK, Chuang YS et al. Endoscopic surveillance for metachronous esophageal squamous cell neoplasms among head and neck cancer patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12(12): 3832. doi: 10.3390/cancers12123832.

113. Kominek P, Vitek P, Urban O et al. Chromoendoscopy to detect early synchronous second primary esophageal carcinoma in patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck? Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013: 236264. doi: 10.1155/2013/236264.

114. Park JW, Lee SW. Clinical outcomes of synchronous head and neck and esophageal cancer. Radiat Oncol J 2015; 33(3): 172–178. doi: 10.3857/roj.2015.33.3.172.

115. Lim H, Kim DH, Jung HY et al. Clinical significance of early detection of esophageal cancer in patients with head and neck cancer. Gut Liver 2015; 9(2): 159–165. doi: 10.5009/gnl13401.

116. Saftoiu A, Hassan C, Areia M et al. Role of gastrointestinal endoscopy in the screening of digestive tract cancers in Europe: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy 2020; 52(4): 293–304. doi: 10.1055/a-1104-5245.

117. Dawsey SM, Fleischer DE, Wang GQ et al. Mucosal iodine staining improves endoscopic visualization of squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in Linxian, China. Cancer 1998; 83(2): 220–231.

118. Mori M, Adachi Y, Matsushima T et al. Lugol staining pattern and histology of esophageal lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88(5): 701–705.

119. Meyer V, Burtin P, Bour B et al. Endoscopic detection of early esophageal cancer in a high-risk population: does Lugol staining improve videoendoscopy? Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45(6): 480–484. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70177-9.

120. Li J, Xu R, Liu M et al. Lugol chromoendoscopy detects esophageal dysplasia with low levels of sensitivity in a high-risk region of China. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16(10): 1585–1592. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.11.031.

121. Zheng JY, Chen YH, Chen YY et al. Presence of pink-color sign within 1 min after iodine staining has high diagnostic accordance rate for esophageal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia/invasive cancer. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(2): 113–118. doi: 10.4103/sjg.SJG_274_18.

122. Ishihara R, Kanzaki H, Iishi H et al. Pink-color sign in esophageal squamous neoplasia, and speculation regarding the underlying mechanism. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(27): 4300–4308. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i27.4300.

123. Gotoda T, Kanzaki H, Okamoto Y et al. Tolerability and efficacy of the concentration of iodine solution during esophageal chromoendoscopy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91(4): 763–770. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2019.10.022.

124. Morita FH, Bernardo WM, Ide E et al. Narrow band imaging versus lugol chromoendoscopy to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17(1): 54. doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-3011-9.

125. Goda K, Dobashi A, Yoshimura N et al. Narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy versus lugol chromoendoscopy with pink-color sign assessment in the diagnosis of superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms: a randomised noninferiority trial. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015: 639462. doi: 10.1155/2015/639462.

126. Waclawek M, Milonski J, Olszewski J. Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic value of biopsy and NBI endoscopy in patients with cancer of the hypopharynx and larynx. Otolaryngol Pol 2019; 73(5): 12–17. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.2309.

127. Costa-Santos MP, Ferreira AO, Mouradides C et al. Is lugol necessary for endoscopic resection of esophageal squamous cell neoplasia? Endosc Int Open 2020; 8(10): E1471–E1477. doi: 10.1055/a-1198-4316.

128. Gruner M, Denis A, Masliah C et al. Narrow-band imaging versus lugol chromoendoscopy for esophageal squamous cell cancer screening in normal endoscopic practice: randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2021; 53(7): 674–682. doi: 10.1055/a-1224-6822.

129. Dellon ES, Gibbs WB, Fritchie KJ et al. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7(12): 1305–1313; quiz 1261. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.08.030.

130. Lucendo AJ, Molina-Infante J, Arias A et al. Guidelines on eosinophilic esophagitis: evidence-based statements and recommendations for diagnosis and management in children and adults. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5(3): 335–358. doi: 10.1177/2050640616689525.

131. Wechsler JB, Bolton SM, Gray E et al. Defining the patchy landscape of esophageal eosinophilia in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; S1542–3565(21)01347–1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.023.

132. Moawad FJ, Molina-Infante J, Lucendo AJ et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: endoscopic dilation is highly effective and safe in children and adults with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46(2): 96–105. doi: 10.1111/apt.14123.

133. Bouri S, Martin J. Investigation of iron deficiency anaemia. Clin Med (Lond) 2018; 18(3): 242–244. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-3-242.

134. Rockey DC, Altayar O, Falck-Ytter Y et al. AGA technical review on gastrointestinal evaluation of iron deficiency anemia. Gastroenterology 2020; 159(3): 1097–1119. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.045.

135. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH et al. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney system. International workshop on the histopathology of gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20(10): 1161–1181. doi: 10.1097/00000478-199610000-00001.

136. Kim YI, Kook MC, Cho SJ et al. Effect of biopsy site on detection of gastric cancer high-risk groups by OLGA and OLGIM stages. Helicobacter 2017; 22(6). doi: 10.1111/hel.12442.

137. Ko CW, Siddique SM, Patel A et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Gastrointestinal Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Anemia. Gastroenterology 2020; 159(3): 1085–1094. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.046.

138. Mahadev S, Laszkowska M, Sundstrom J et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with iron deficiency anemia – a systematic review with meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018; 155(2): 374–382.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.016.

139. Elli L, Norsa L, Zullo A et al. Diagnosis of chronic anaemia in gastrointestinal disorders: a guideline by the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO) and the Italian Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP). Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51(4): 471–483. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.01.022.

140. Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS et al. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut 2011; 60(10): 1309–1316. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.228874.

141. Dickey W, Hughes D. Disappointing sensitivity of endoscopic markers for villous atrophy in a high-risk population: implications for celiac disease diagnosis during routine endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96(7): 2126–2128. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03947.x.

142. Lebwohl B, Kapel RC, Neugut AI et al. Adherence to biopsy guidelines increases celiac disease diagnosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74(1): 103–109. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.03.1236.

143. Ozakinci H, Kirmizi A, Tural M et al. Duodenal bulb biopsy in the diagnostic work-up of coeliac disease. Virchows Arch 2020; 477(4): 507–515. doi: 10.1007/s00428-020-02832-6.

144. Bai JC, Ciacci C. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: Celiac Disease February 2017. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 51(9): 755–768. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000919.

145. Mooney PD, Kurien M, Evans KE et al. Clinical and immunologic features of ultra-short celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150(5): 1125–1134. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.029.

146. Jones HJ, Warner JT. NICE clinical guideline 86. Coeliac disease: recognition and assessment of coeliac disease. Arch Dis Child 2010; 95(4): 312–313. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.173849.

147. Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7(5): 583–613. doi: 10.1177/2050640619844125.

148. Latorre M, Lagana SM, Freedberg DE et al. Endoscopic biopsy technique in the diagnosis of celiac disease: one bite or two? Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81(5): 1228–1233. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.10.024.

149. Husby S, Murray JA, Katzka DA. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease-changing utility of serology and histologic measures: expert review. Gastroenterology 2019; 156(4): 885–889. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.010.

150. Werkstetter KJ, Korponay-Szabo IR, Popp A et al. Accuracy in diagnosis of celiac disease without biopsies in clinical practice. Gastroenterology 2017; 153(4): 924–935. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.002.

151. Selinger CP, Cochrane R, Thanaraj S et al. Gastric ulcers: malignancy yield and risk stratification for follow-up endoscopy. Endosc Int Open 2016; 4(6): E709–714. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-106959.

152. Gielisse EA, Kuyvenhoven JP. Follow-up endoscopy for benign-appearing gastric ulcers has no additive value in detecting malignancy: it is time to individualise surveillance endoscopy. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18(4): 803–809. doi: 10.1007/s10120-014-0433-4.

153. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Banerjee S, Cash BD et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with peptic ulcer disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71(4): 663–668. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.11.026.

154. Di Franco F, Lamb PJ, Karat D et al. Iatrogenic perforation of localized oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg 2008; 95(7): 837–839. doi: 10.1002/bjs.6055.

155. Chiu PWY. Editorial on quality standards in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a position statement of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS). Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3: 13. doi: 10.21037/tgh.2018.01.05.

156. Yalamarthi S, Witherspoon P, McCole D et al. Missed diagnoses in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers. Endoscopy 2004; 36(10): 874–879. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-825853.

157. Cheung D, Menon S, Hoare J et al. Factors associated with upper gastrointestinal cancer occurrence after endoscopy that did not diagnose cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61(9): 2674–2684. doi: 10.1007/s10620-016-4176-4.

158. Pimenta-Melo AR, Monteiro-Soares M, Libanio D et al. Missing rate for gastric cancer during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28(9): 1041–1049. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000657.

159. Shakhatreh MH, Duan Z, Avila N et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease after a negative screening endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13(2): 280–286. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.06.029.

160. Delgado Guillena PG, Morales Alvarado VJ, Jimeno Ramiro M et al. Gastric cancer missed at esophagogastroduodenoscopy in a well-defined Spanish population. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51(8): 1123–1129. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.03.005.

161. Menon S, Trudgill N. How commonly is upper gastrointestinal cancer missed at endoscopy? A meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open 2014; 2(2): E46–50. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1365524.

162. Januszewicz W, Witczak K, Wieszczy P et al. Prevalence and risk factors of upper gastrointestinal cancers missed during endoscopy: a nationwide registry-based study. Endoscopy 2021. doi: 10.1055/a-1675-4136.

163. Voutilainen ME, Juhola MT. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of gastroscopy to detect gastric tumours: clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with gastric cancer missed on endoscopy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17(12): 1345–1349. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200512000-00013.

164. Raftopoulos SC, Segarajasingam DS, Burke V et al. A cohort study of missed and new cancers after esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(6): 1292–1297. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.736.

165. Cotton PB, Eisen GM, Aabakken L et al. A lexicon for endoscopic adverse events: report of an ASGE workshop. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71(3): 446–454. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.027.

166. Lee JH, Kedia P, Stavropoulos SN et al. AGA clinical practice update on endoscopic management of perforations in gastrointestinal tract: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19(11): 2252–2261.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.045.

167. Werner YB, Hakanson B, Martinek J et al. Endoscopic or surgical myotomy in patients with idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med 2019; 381(23): 2219–2229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1905380.

168. Ahmed O, Lee JH, Thompson CC et al. AGA clinical practice update on the optimal management of the malignant alimentary tract obstruction: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19(9): 1780–1788. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.046.

169. Sharma P. Top 10 tips for performing a high-quality upper endoscopy (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94(5): 989–994. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.08.012.

170. Diagnostic Performance Indicators in Upper GI Endoscopy: PROSPERO Study. 2022 [online]. Dostupné z: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

171. Bisschops R, Rutter MD, Areia M et al. Overcoming the barriers to dissemination and implementation of quality measures for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and United European Gastroenterology (UEG) position statement. Endoscopy 2021; 53(2): 196–202. doi: 10.1055/a-1312-6389.