Continuous monitoring of tissue glucose
Authors:
M. Bendžala; I. Očadlík; B. Krahulec
Authors place of work:
II. interná klinika Lekárskej fakulty UK a FNsP Bratislava, Slovenská republika, prednosta prof. MU Dr. Andrej Dukát, CSc., FESC
Published in the journal:
Vnitř Lék 2010; 56(6): 602-606
Category:
65th Birthday - Petr Svacina, MD
Summary
Continuous glucose monitoring is technology revolution in diabetology similar to holter ECG monitoring in cardiology. With goal of the diabetes treatment to achieve almost normal glucose concentration in blood, continuous glucose monitoring can help in hypoglycemia risk reduction. Continuous glucose monitoring offers actual value of glycemia longitudinal whole day, with possibility of analyzing records and signalization when programmed thresholds are exceeded. It offers immediate patients reaction by modification of insulin treatment, food intake or physical activity, and also retrospective analysis of records. Subsequently it is possible to improve long‑term treatment. Special contribution of continuous glucose monitoring is in recognizing undetectable hypoglycemias, especially during sleep.
Key words:
diabetes mellitus – diagnosis – glycaemia monitoring
Zdroje
1. American Diabetes Association. Summary of Revisions for the 2009 Clinical Practice Recommendations. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: S3– S5.
2. American Diabetes Association Workgroup on Hypoglycemia: Defining and reporting hypoglycemia in diabetes: a report from the American Diabetes Association Workgroup on Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1245– 1249.
3. Bartoš V, Pelikánová T et al. Praktická diabetologie. Praha: Maxdorf Jessenius 2003.
4. Battelino T, Bolinder J. Clinical use of real‑ time continuous glucose monitoring. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008; 4: 218– 222.
5. Bouček P. Diabetická neuropatie. In: Tošenovský P, Edmonds ME et al (eds). Moderní léčba syndromu diabetické nohy. Praha: Galén 2004: 63– 76.
6. Brez S, Berard LRN, Blumer I. Monitoring Glycemic Control. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee 2008: S32– S36.
7. Čiljaková M. Kontinuálne glukózové monitorovanie. In: Mokáň M, Martinka E, Galajda P et al (eds). Diabetes mellitus a vybrané metabolické ochorenia. Martin: Vydavateľstvo P+M 2008: 335– 345.
8. Clarke BF, Ewing DJ, Campbell IW. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetologia 1979; 17: 195– 212.
9. Cryer PE. Preventing hypoglycaemia: what is the appropriate glucose alert value? Diabetologia 2009; 52: 35– 37.
10. Dassau E, Buckingham BA, Bequette BW et al. Detection of a meal using continuous glucose monitoring – implications for an artificial beta‑cell. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 295– 300.
11. De Block C, Vertommen J, Manuel‑ y‑ Keenoy B et al. Minimal‑ invasive and non‑invasive continuous glucose monitoring systems: indications, advantages, limitations and clinical aspects. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008; 4: 159– 168.
12. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirectNet) Study Group: Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. J Pediatr 2007; 151: 388– 393.
13. Di Carli MF, Bianco‑ Batlles D, Landa ME et al. Effects of autonomic neuropathy on coronary blood flow in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 1999; 100: 813– 819.
14. Doničová V, Donič V. Odkrytie výkyvov glykémií kontinuálnym monitorovaním prináša nový pohľad na liečbu diabetika. Diabetes a Obezita 2003; 3: 59– 68.
15. Edelsberger T. Diabetická neuropatie. Praha: Maxdorf 2008.
16. Ewing DJ, Boland O, Neilson JM et al. Autonomic neuropathy, QT interval lengthening, and unexpected deaths in male diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 182– 185.
17. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th Ed. USA: McGraw‑ Hill Medical 2008.
18. Frier BM. Defining hypoglycaemia: what level has clinical relevance? Diabetologia 2009; 52: 31– 34.
19. Fritschi C, Quinn L, Penckofer S et al. Continuous glucose monitoring: the experience of women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2010; 36: 250– 257.
20. Galajda P, Šuratík Ľ. Etiopatogenetické aspekty chronických komplikácií diabetes mellitus. In: Mokáň M, Martinka E, Galajda P et al (eds). Diabetes mellitus a vybrané metabolické ochorenia. Martin: Vydavateľstvo P+M 2008: 541– 551.
21. Gill GV, Woodward A, Casson IF et al. Cardiac arrhythmia and nocturnal hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes – the “dead in bed” syndrome revisited. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 42– 45.
22. Golicki DT, Golicka D, Groele L et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 233– 240.
23. Guillod L, Comte‑ Perret S, Monbaron Det al. Nocturnal hypoglycaemias in type 1 diabetic patients: what can we learn with continuous glucose monitoring? Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 360– 365.
24. Hanaire H. Continuous glucose monitoring and external insulin pump: towards a subcutaneous closed loop. Diabates Metab 2006; 32: 534– 538.
25. Harman‑ Boehm I. Continuous glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 82 (Suppl 2): S118– S121.
26. Jameson JL. Harrison’s Endocrinology. Chicago: McGraw‑ Hill Medical Publication Division 2006.
27. Jeitler K, Horvath K, Berghold A et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta‑analysis. Diabetologia 2008, 51: 941– 951.
28. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group: Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in a clinical care environment: evidence from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation continous glucose monitoring (JDRF‑ CGM) trial. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 17– 22.
29. Karam JH, Forsham PH. Pankreatické hormony a diabetes mellitus. In: Greenspan FS, Baxter JD et al (eds). Základní a klinická endokrinologie. Praha: Nakladatelství H&H 2003: 627– 695.
30. Kaye JM, Corrall RJ, Lightman SL. New test for autonomic cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses in diabetes mellitus: evidence for early vagal dysfunction. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 180– 186.
31. Kempf K, Neukirchen W, Martin S et al. Self‑ monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: a new look at published trials. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 686– 688.
32. Klonoff D. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: roadmap for 21st century diabetes therapy. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1231– 1239.
33. Krahulec B. Diabetická neuropatia. In: Mokáň M, Martinka E, Galajda P et al (eds). Diabetes mellitus a vybrané metabolické ochorenia. Martin: Vydavateľstvo P+M 2008: 588– 608.
34. Krahulec B, Žúži M, Vozár J et al. Diabetická polyneuropatia. Súčasné diagnostické a terapeutické možnosti. Bratislava: Lufema 1999.
35. Krahulec B. Možnosti využitia kardiovaskulárnych reflexov v diagnostike porúch autonómneho nervového systému u nediabetikov. Nonivas Cardiol 1995; 4: 165– 173.
36. Kučera P. Elektrofyziologická diagnostika diabetickej neuropatie. In: Krahulec B et al (eds). Diabetická polyneuropatia, Súčasné diagnostické a liečebné možnosti. Bratislava: Lufema 1999: 54– 72.
37. Leinung M, Thompson S, Nardacci E.Benefits of Continuous Glucose Monitor Use in Clinical Practice. Endocr Pract 2009; 26: 1– 14.
38. Mahgoub MA, Abd‑ Elfattah AS. Diabetes mellitus and cardiac function. Mol Cell Biochem 1998; 180: 59– 64.
39. Mazárová V, Bouček P. Diabetická neuropatie. In: Bartoš V, Pelikánová T et al (eds). Praktická diabetologie. Praha: Maxdorf Jessenius 2003: 256– 269.
40. McGarraugh G, Bergenstal R. Detection of hypoglycemia with continuous interstitial and traditional blood glucose monitoring using FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009; 11: 145– 150.
41. Michálek J. Selfmonitoring glykémie. In: Mokáň M, Martinka E, Galajda P et al (eds). Diabetes mellitus a vybrané metabolické ochorenia. Martin: Vydavateľstvo P+M 2008: 323– 335.
42. Mokáň M, Martinka E, Galajda P et al. Diabetes mellitus a vybrané metabolické ochorenia. Martin: Vydavateľstvo P+M 2008.
43. Monnier L, Colette C, Boegner C et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes: Why? When? Whom? Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 247– 252.
44. Moravcová E, Bednařík J. Diabetická neuropatie. Neurol pre Prax 2006; 2: 105– 110.
45. Nathan DM, Holman RH, Buse JB et al. Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 11.
46. Nielsen JK, Christiansen JS. Self‑ Monitoring of Blood Glucose – Epidemiological and Practical Aspects. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008; 10 (Suppl 1): S35– S42.
47. Orchard TJ, Kretowski A, Costacou Tet al. Type 1 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2528– 2532.
48. Ponťuch P, Strmeň P, Krahulec B et al. Diabetická nefropatia, retinopatia, neuropatia. Martin: Osveta 1993: 93– 127.
49. Pourmoghaddas A, Hekmatnia A. The relationship between QTc interval and cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 249: 125– 128.
50. Powers AC. Diabetes mellitus. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL et al (eds). Harrison`s Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th Edition. USA: Mc Graw‑ Hill Medical 2008: 2275– 2304.
51. Quattrini C, Jeziorska M, Tavakoli M et al. The Neuropad test: a visual indicator test for human diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia 2008, 51: 1046– 1050.
52. Robinson RT, Harris ND, Ireland RH et al. Changes in cardiac repolarization during clinical episodes of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 312– 315.
53. Rodbard D, Jovanovic L, Garg SK. Responses to continuous glucose monitoring in subjects with type 1 diabetes using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily injections. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009; 11: 757– 765.
54. Rothenbuhler A, Bibal CP, Le Fur S et al. Effects of controlled hypoglycaemia test on QTc in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 1483– 1485.
55. Ryan MT, Savarese VW, Hipszer B et al. Continuous glucose monitor shows potential for early hypoglycemia detection in hopsitalized patients. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009; 11: 745– 747.
56. Said G. Diabetic neuropathy – a review. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3: 331– 340.
57. Schwartz NS, Clutter WE, Shah SD et al. Glycemic thresholds for activation of glucose counterregulatory systems are higher than threshold for symptoms. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 777– 781.
58. Stracke H. Patogenetická terapia diabetickej neuropatie. Nové chápanie možností benfotiamínu a alfa‑lipoovej kyseliny. Súč Klin Pr 2008; 2: 8– 11.
59. Suwa T, Ohta A, Matsui T et al. Relationship between clinical markers of glycemia and glucose excursion evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Endocr J 2010; 57: 135– 140.
60. Swinnen SG, Mullins P, Miller M et al. Changing the glucose cut‑off values that define hypoglycaemia has a major effect on reported frequencies of hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 37– 41.
61. Tattersall RB, Gill GV. Unexplained death of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1991; 8: 49– 58.
62. Tkáč I. Optimálna glykemická kompenzácia a prevencia diabetickej neuropatie. Súč Klin Pr 2008; 2: 13– 16.
63. Tošenovský P, Edmonds ME et al. Moderní léčba syndromu diabetické nohy. Praha: Galén 2004.
64. Tu E, Bagnall RD, Duflou J et al. Post-‑mortem pathologic and genetic studies in „dead in bed syndrome“ cases in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hum Pathol 2010; 41: 392– 400.
65. Tubiana‑ Rufi N, Riveline JP, Dardari D. Real‑ time continuous glucose monitoring using Guardian RT: from research to clinical practice. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 415– 420.
66. Uličiansky V. Nové trendy v manažmente diabetes mellitus 2. typu. Interná Med 2008; 8: 147– 153.
67. Vinik AI, Erbas T. Recognizing and treating diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Cleve Clin J Med 2001; 68: 928– 944.
68. Vinik AI, Mitchell BD, Maser RE et al. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1553– 1579.
69. Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Circulation 2007; 115: 387– 397.
70. Wolpert HA. The nuts and bolts of achieving end points with real‑ time continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (Suppl 2): S146– S149.
71. The Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive insulin treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long‑term complications in insulin‑dependent diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med 1993; 329: 977– 986.
72. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complication triam. Diabetes 1997; 46: 271– 286.
Štítky
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicineČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Internal Medicine
2010 Číslo 6
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Sepsis and the septic shock in oncological or other immunocompromised patients
-
Hyperlipoproteinemie a dyslipoproteinemie I.
Klasifikace, diagnostika, kardiovaskulární, kardiometabolické a reziduální riziko - Essential thrombocythaemia and other myeloproliferative disorders with thrombocythaemia treated with Thromboreductin. A report from the database of Register for the 1st quarter of 2010
- Different courses of recurrent or multisystem Langerhans cells histiocytosis in adults – description of 22 cases from one centre