International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock 2012 – comment

1. Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN et al. Deaths: final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2004; 53(5): 1–115.

2. Martin GS, Mannino DS, Eaton S et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(16): 1546–1554.

3. Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ et al. Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States. Crit Care Med 2013; 41(5): 1167–1174.

4. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(7): 1303–1310.

5. Kumar A, Kazmi M, Roberts D et al. Duration of shock prior to antimicrobial administration is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(Suppl): 41.

6. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(19): 1368–1377.

7. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39(2): 165–228.

8. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(4): 1250–1256.

9. Czura CJ. „Merinoff symposium 2010: sepsis” – speaking with one voice. Mol Med 2011; 17(1–2): 2–3.

10. Vincent JL, Opal SM, Marshall JC et al. Sepsis definitions: time for change. Lancet 2013; 381(9868): 774–775.

11. Gao F, Melody T, Daniles DF et al. The impact of compliance with 6-hour and 24-hour sepsis bundles on hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 2005; 9(6): 764–770.

12. Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36(2): 222–231.

13. Wacharasint P, Nakada TA, Boyd JH et al. Normal-range blood lactate concentration in septic shock is prognostic and predictive. Shock 2012; 38(1): 4–10.

14. Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI et al. Outcomes of patients undergoing early sepsis resuscitation for cryptic shock compared with overt shock. Resuscitation 2011; 82(10): 1289–1293.

15. Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(2): 124–134.

16. Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R et al. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group: Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(20): 1901–1911.

17. Shaw AD, Kellum JA. The risk of AKI in patients treated with Intravenous solutions containing hydroxyethyl starch. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8(3): 497–503.

18. Antonelli M, Sandroni C. Hydroxyethyl starch for intravenous volume replacement: more harm than benefit. JAMA 2013; 309(7): 723–724.

19. Patel A, Waheed U, Brett SJ. Randomised trials of 6% tetrastarch (hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or 0.42) for severe sepsis reporting mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39(5): 811–822.

20. Haase N, Perner A, Hennings LI et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.38–0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ 2013; 346: 839. Dostupné z DOI: <http://doi: 10.1136/bmj.f839>.

21. Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Turgeon AF et al. Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013; 309(7): 678–688.

22. KDIGO AKI Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney inter 2012; 2(Suppl): 1–138.

23. Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C et al. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012; 308(15): 1566–1572.

24. Shaw AD, Bagshaw SM, Goldstein SL et al. Major complications, mortality, and resource utilization after open abdominal surgery: 0.9% saline compared to Plasma-Lyte. Ann Surg 2012; 255(5): 821–829.

25. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(9): 779–789.

26. De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H et al. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2012; 40(3): 725–730.

27. Matejovic M, Träger K, De Backer D. Noradrenaline and the kidney: foe, friend, or both? Intensive Care Med 2005; 31(11): 1476–1478.

28. Marik PE. Surviving sepsis: going beyond the guidelines. Ann Intensive Care 2011; 1(1): 17. Dostupné z DOI: <http://doi: 10.1186/2110–5820–1-17>.

29. Hamzaoui O, Georger JF, Monnet X et al. Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension. Crit Care 2010; 14(4): 142.

30. Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D et al. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(2): 111–124.

31. Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288(7): 862–871.

32. Shapiro N, Howell MD, Bates DW et al. The association of sepsis syndrome and organ dysfunction with mortality in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 48(5): 583–590.

33. Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Murphy JR et al. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures: a comprehensive analysis of 500 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. I. Laboratory and epidemiologic observations. Rev Infect Dis 1983; 5(1): 35–53.

34. Cockerill FR 3rd, Wilson JW, Vetter EA et al. Optimal testing parameters for blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38(12): 1724–1730.

35. Mermel LA, Maki DG. Detection of bacteremia in adults: consequences of culturing an inadequate volume of blood. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119(4): 270–272.

36. Höffken G, Niederman MS. Nosocomial pneumonia: the importace of a de-escalation strategy for antibiotic treatment of pneumonia in the ICU. Chest 2002; 122(6): 2183–2196.

37. Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA et al. Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(4): 1045–1053.

38. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(6): 1589–1596.

39. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S et al. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 2000; 118(1): 146–155.

40. Radej J, Matejovic M. Antimicrobial dosing in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy – maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity! Vnitř Lék 2012; 58(6): 427–429.

41. Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Light B et al. Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock: A propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(9): 1773–1785.

42. Al-Hasan MN, Wilson JW, Lahr BD et al. Beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone combination antibiotic therapy for bacteremia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53(4): 1386–1394.

43. Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A et al. Combination antibiotic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36(4): 612–620.

44. Li JZ, Winston LG, Moore DH et al. Efficacy of short-course antibiotic regimens for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2007; 120(9): 783–790.

45. Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290(19): 2588–2598.

46. Hedrick TL, McElearney ST, Smith RL et al. Duration of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2007; 8(6): 589–597.

47. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52(3): 18–55.