Raynaud's phenomenon

1. Wigley FM. Clinical practice. Raynaud’s Phenomenon. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(13): 1001–1008.

2. Hughes M, Herrick AL. Raynaud’s phenomenon. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016; 30(1): 112–132.

3. Flavahan NA. A vascular mechanistic approach to understanding Raynaud phenomenon. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11(3): 146–158.

4. Cappelli L, Wigley FM. Management of Raynaud Phenomenon and Digital Ulcers in Scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2015; 41(3): 419–438.

5. Raynaud M. De l’asphyxie locale et de la gangrene symetrique des extremites. Thesis. L. Leclerc, Libraire-Editeur, Paris, 1862.

6. Hutchinson J. Raynaud’s phenomena. Med Press Circ 1901; 123: 402–405.

7. Allen EV, Brown GE. Raynaud’s disease: a critical review of minimal requisities for diagnosis. Am J Med Sci 1932; 183: 187–200.

8. LeRoy EC, Medsger TA jr. Raynaud’s phenomenon: a proposal for classification. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10(5): 485–488.

9. Maverakis E, Patel F, Kronenberg DG et al. International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Autoimmun 2014; 48–49: 60–65.

10. Riera G, Vilardell M, Vaque J et al. Prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in a healthy Spanish population. J Rheumatol 1993; 20(1): 66–69.

11. De Angelis R, Salaffi F, Grassi W. Raynaud’s phenomenon: prevalence in an Italian population sample. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25(4): 506–510.

12. Onbasi K, Sahin I, Onbasi O et al. Raynaud’s phenomenon in a healthy Turkish population. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24(4): 365–369.

13. Brand FN, Larson MG, Kannel WB et al. The occurrence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in a general population: the Framingham Study. Vasc Med 1997; 2(4): 296–301.

14. Purdie G, Harrison A, Purdie D. Prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the adult New Zealand population. N Z Med J 2009; 122(1306): 55–62.

15. Silman A, Holligan S, Brennan P et al. Prevalence of symptoms of Raynaud’s phenomenon in general practice. BMJ 1990; 301(6752): 590–592.

16. Suter LG, Murabito JM, Felson DT et al. The incidence and natural history of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the community. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52(4): 1259–1263.

17. Planchon B, Pistorius MA, Beurrier P et al. Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Age of onset and pathogenesis in a prospective study of 424 patients. Angiology 1994; 45(8): 677–686.

18. Fraenkel L. Raynaud’s phenomenon: epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4(2): 123–128.

19. Keil JE, Maricq HR, Weinrich MC et al. Demographic, social and clinical correlates of Raynaud phenomenon. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20(1): 221–224.

20. Fraenkel L, Zhang Y, Chaisson CE et al. Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud’s phenomenon in men and women. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42(2): 306–310.

21. Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC et al. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a 5 region comparison. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(5): 879–889.

22. Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC et al. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon: Charleston, SC, USA, vs Tarentaise, Savoie, France. J Rheumatol 1993; 20(1): 70–76.

23. Purdie GL, Purdie DJ, Harrison AA. Raynaud’s phenomenon in medical laboratory workers who work with solvents. J Rheumatol 2011; 38(9): 1940–1946.

24. Freedman RR, Mayes MD. Familial aggregation of primary Raynaud’s disease. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39(7): 1189–1191.

25. Smyth AE, Hughes AE, Bruce IN et al. A case-control study of candidate vasoactive mediator genes in primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38(11): 1094–1098.

26. Cherkas LF, Williams FM, Carter L et al. Heritability of Raynaud’s phenomenon and vascular responsiveness to cold: a study of adult female twins. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57(3): 524–528.

27. Pope JE. Raynaud’s phenomenon (primary). BMJ Clin Evid 2011; 2011.

28. Hirschl M, Kundi M. Initial prevalence and incidence of secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon in patients with Raynaud’s symptomatology. J Rheumatol 1996; 23(2): 302–309.

29. Nagy Z, Czirjak L. Predictors of survival in 171 patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16(5): 454–460.

30. Walker UA, Tyndall A, Czirjak L et al. Clinical risk assessment of organ manifestations in systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials And Research group database. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66(6): 754–763.

31. Hartmann P, Mohokum M, Schlattmann P. The association of Raynaud’s syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis – a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2011; 30(8): 1013–1019.

32. Lin DF, Yan SM, Zhao Y et al. Clinical and prognostic characteristics of 573 cases of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123(22): 3252–3257.

33. Gronhagen CM, Gunnarsson I, Svenungsson E et al. Cutaneous manifestations and serological findings in 260 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010; 19(10): 1187–1194.

34. Mustafa KN, Dahbour SS. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies from Jordan 1996–2009. Clin Rheumatol 2010; 29(12): 1381–1385.

35. Solomon J, Swigris JJ, Brown KK. Myositis-related interstitial lung disease and antisynthetase syndrome. J Bras Pneumol 2011; 37(1): 100–109.

36. Grader-Beck T, Wigley FM. Raynaud’s phenomenon in mixed connective tissue disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005; 31(3): 465–481, vi.

37. De Angelis R, Cerioni A, Del Medico P et al. Raynaud’s phenomenon in undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24(2): 145–151.

38. Hartmann P, Mohokum M, Schlattmann P. The association of Raynaud syndrome with thromboangiitis obliterans – a meta-analysis. Angiology 2012; 63(4): 315–319.

39. Monti G, Galli M, Invernizzi F et al. Cryoglobulinaemias: a multi-centre study of the early clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary and secondary disease. GISC. Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemias. QJM 1995; 88(2): 115–126.

40. Soyfoo MS, Goubella A, Cogan E et al. Clinical significance of Cryofibrinogenemia: possible pathophysiological link with Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Rheumatol 2012; 39(1): 119–124.

41. Saadoun D, Elalamy I, Ghillani-Dalbin P et al. Cryofibrinogenemia: new insights into clinical and pathogenic features. Am J Med 2009; 122(12): 1128–1135.

42. Knapik-Kordecka M, Wysokinski WE. Clinical spectrum of Raynaud’s phenomenon in patients referred to vascular clinic. Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 8(6): 457–462.

43. Hartmann P, Mohokum M, Schlattmann P. The association of Raynaud’s syndrome with carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int 2012; 32(3): 569–574.

44. Stefanova-Petrova DV, Tzvetanska AH, Naumova EJ et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence of extrahepatic manifestations and association with cryoglobulinemia in Bulgarian patients. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13(48): 6518–6528.

45. Rogeaux O, Fassin D, Gentilini M. [Prevalence of rheumatic manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus infection]. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1993; 144(7): 443–448.

46. Bovenzi M. A follow up study of vascular disorders in vibration-exposed forestry workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 81(4): 401–408.

47. Letz R, Cherniack MG, Gerr F et al. A cross sectional epidemiological survey of shipyard workers exposed to hand-arm vibration. Br J Ind Med 1992; 49(1): 53–62.

48. Cooke RA. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: a discrete syndrome to be distinguished from hand-arm vibration syndrome. Occup Med (Lond) 2003; 53(5): 320–324.

49. Marie I, Herve F, Primard E et al. Long-term follow-up of hypothenar hammer syndrome: a series of 47 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007; 86(6): 334–343.

50. Mohokum M, Hartmann P, Schlattmann P. The association of Raynaud’s syndrome with cisplatin-based chemotherapy – a meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23(7): 594–598.

51. Vogelzang NJ, Bosl GJ, Johnson K et al. Raynaud’s phenomenon: a common toxicity after combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95(3): 288–292.

52. Mohokum M, Hartmann P, Schlattmann P. The association of Raynaud syndrome with beta-blockers: a meta-analysis. Angiology 2012; 63(7): 535–540.

53. Mohokum M, Hartmann P, Schlattmann P. Association of Raynaud’s syndrome with interferons. A meta-analysis. Int Angiol 2012; 31(5): 408–413.

54. Nielsen SL, Parving HH, Hansen JE. Myxoedema and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982; 101(1): 32–34.

55. Shen M, Zhang F, Zhang X. Pulmonary hypertension in primary biliary cirrhosis: a prospective study in 178 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44(2): 219–223.

56. Miest RY, Comfere NI, Dispenzieri A et al. Cutaneous manifestations in patients with POEMS syndrome. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52(11): 1349–1356.

57. Koenig M, Joyal F, Fritzler MJ et al. Autoantibodies and microvascular damage are independent predictive factors for the progression of Raynaud’s phenomenon to systemic sclerosis: a twenty-year prospective study of 586 patients, with validation of proposed criteria for early systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58(12): 3902–3912.

58. Pavlov-Dolijanovic S, Damjanov NS, Vujasinovic Stupar NZ et al. Late appearance and exacerbation of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon attacks can predict future development of connective tissue disease: a retrospective chart review of 3,035 patients. Rheumatol Int 2013; 33(4): 921–926.

59. Hirschl M, Hirschl K, Lenz M et al. Transition from primary Raynaud’s phenomenon to secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon identified by diagnosis of an associated disease: results of ten years of prospective surveillance. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54(6): 1974–1981.

60. Spencer-Green G. Outcomes in primary Raynaud phenomenon: a meta-analysis of the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary diseases. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158(6): 595–600.

61. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A. Identification of transition from primary Raynaud’s phenomenon to secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon by nailfold videocapillaroscopy: comment on the article by Hirschl et al. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(6): 2102–2103; author reply 2103–2104.

62. Bartelink ML, De Wit A, Wollersheim H et al. Skin vascular reactivity in healthy subjects: influence of hormonal status. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1993; 74(2): 727–732.

63. Bergersen TK, Eriksen M, Walloe L. Local constriction of arteriovenous anastomoses in the cooled finger. Am J Physiol 1997; 273(3 Pt 2): R880–886.

64. Bollinger A, Schlumpf M. Finger blood flow in healthy subjects of different age and sex and in patients with primary Raynaud’s disease. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1976; 465: 42–47.

65. Braverman IM. The cutaneous microcirculation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2000; 5(1): 3–9.

66. Cankar K, Finderle Z, Strucl M. The role of alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors in gender differences in cutaneous LD flux response to local cooling. Microvasc Res 2004; 68(2): 126–131.

67. Carter SA, Dean E, Kroeger EA. Apparent finger systolic pressures during cooling in patients with Raynaud’s syndrome. Circulation 1988; 77(5): 988–996.

68. Coffman JD, Cohen AS. Total and capillary fingertip blood flow in Raynaud’s phenomenon. N Engl J Med 1971; 285(5): 259–263.

69. Coffman JD. Pathogenesis and treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1990; 4(Suppl. 1): 45–51.

70. Cooke JP, Creager SJ, Scales KM et al. Role of digital artery adrenoceptors in Raynaud’s disease. Vasc Med 1997; 2(1): 1–7.

71. Dorffler-Melly J, Luscher TF, Wenk M et al. Endothelin-1 and cold provocation in health, primary Raynaud’s phenomenon, and progressive systemic sclerosis. Microvasc Res 1996; 52(2): 193–197.

72. Fagius J, Blumberg H. Sympathetic outflow to the hand in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon. Cardiovasc Res 1985; 19(5): 249–253.

73. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Smith V. Assessing microvascular changes in systemic sclerosis diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6(10): 578–587.

74. Cutolo M, Ferrone C, Pizzorni C et al. Peripheral blood perfusion correlates with microvascular abnormalities in systemic sclerosis: a laser-Doppler and nailfold videocapillaroscopy study. J Rheumatol 2010; 37(6): 1174–1180.

75. Goodfield MJ, Orchard MA, Rowell NR. Whole blood platelet aggregation and coagulation factors in patients with systemic sclerosis. Br J Haematol 1993; 84(4): 675–680.

76. Herrick AL. Pathogenesis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44(5): 587–596.

77. Brennan P, Silman A, Black C et al. Validity and reliability of three methods used in the diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. The UK Scleroderma Study Group. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32(5): 357–361.

78. Linnemann B, Erbe M. Raynauds phenomenon – assessment and differential diagnoses. Vasa 2015; 44(3): 166–177.

79. Bartelink ML, Wollersheim H, Leesmans E et al. A standardized finger cooling test for Raynaud’s phenomenon: diagnostic value and sex differences. Eur Heart J 1993; 14(5): 614–622.

80. Lau CS, Khan F, Brown R et al. Digital blood flow response to body warming, cooling, and rewarming in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon. Angiology 1995; 46(1): 1–10.

81. Ring EF. Quantitative thermal imaging. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1990; 11 Suppl A: 87–95.

82. Briers JD. Laser Doppler, speckle and related techniques for blood perfusion mapping and imaging. Physiol Meas 2001; 22(4): R35–66.

83. Seifalian AM, Stansby G, Jackson A et al. Comparison of laser Doppler perfusion imaging, laser Doppler flowmetry, and thermographic imaging for assessment of blood flow in human skin. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8(1): 65–69.

84. Toprak U, Hayretci M, Erhuner Z et al. Dynamic Doppler evaluation of the hand arteries to distinguish between primary and secondary raynaud phenomenon. Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197(1): W175–180.

85. Hahn M, Hahn C, Junger M et al. Local cold exposure test with a new arterial photoplethysmographic sensor in healthy controls and patients with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Microvasc Res 1999; 57(2): 187–198.

86. Kim YH, Ng SW, Seo HS et al. Classification of Raynaud’s disease based on angiographic features. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64(11): 1503–1511.

87. Allanore Y, Seror R, Chevrot A et al. Hand vascular involvement assessed by magnetic resonance angiography in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(8): 2747–2754.

88. Jens S, Koelemay MJ, Reekers JA et al. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in patients with critical limb ischaemia and intermittent claudication: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2013; 23(11): 3104–3114.

89. van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72(11): 1747–1755.

90. Bellando-Randone S, Matucci-Cerinic M. From Raynaud’s phenomenon to very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis – The VEDOSS approach. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2013; 9(4): 245–248.

91. Herrick AL. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud phenomenon. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012; 8(8): 469–479.

92. Ennis H, Hughes M, Anderson ME et al. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2: CD002069.

93. Pope J. Raynaud’s phenomenon (primary). BMJ Clin Evid 2013; 2013: 1119.

94. Stewart M, Morling JR. Oral vasodilators for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012(7): CD006687.

95. Roustit M, Hellmann M, Cracowski C et al. Sildenafil increases digital skin blood flow during all phases of local cooling in primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 91(5): 813–819.

96. Pauling JD, O'Donnell VB, McHugh NJ. The contribution of platelets to the pathogenesis of Raynaud’s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Platelets 2013; 24(7): 503–515.

97. Cairoli E, Rebella M, Danese N et al. Hydroxychloroquine reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal evaluation of the lipid-lowering effect. Lupus 2012; 21(11): 1178–1182.

98. Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S, Helmii M. Statins: potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud’s phenomenon and digital ulcers. J Rheumatol 2008; 35(9): 1801–1808.

99. Nguyen VA, Eisendle K, Gruber I et al. Effect of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a double-blind prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49(3): 583–587.

100. Belch JJ, Newman P, Drury JK et al. Intermittent epoprostenol (prostacyclin) infusion in patients with Raynaud’s syndrome. A double-blind controlled trial. Lancet 1983; 1(8320): 313–315.

101. Pope J, Fenlon D, Thompson A et al. Iloprost and cisaprost for Raynaud’s phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000(2): CD000953.

102. Bartolone S, Trifiletti A, De Nuzzo G et al. Efficacy evaluation of prostaglandin E1 against placebo in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and significant Raynaud’s phenomenon. Minerva Cardioangiol 1999; 47(5): 137–143.

103. Hashem M, Lewis R. Successful long-term treatment of a patient with long-standing Raynaud’s disease by an extradural bupivacaine block. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007; 35(4): 618–619.

104. Claes G, Drott C, Gothberg G. Thoracoscopic sympathicotomy for arterial insufficiency. Eur J Surg Suppl 1994(572): 63–64.

105. Kotsis SV, Chung KC. A systematic review of the outcomes of digital sympathectomy for treatment of chronic digital ischemia. J Rheumatol 2003; 30(8): 1788–1792.

106. Bank J, Fuller SM, Henry GI et al. Fat grafting to the hand in patients with Raynaud phenomenon: a novel therapeutic modality. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133(5): 1109–1118.