Physiology of ageing
Authors:
Pavel Borský 1; Drahomíra Holmannová 1; Zdeněk Fiala 1; Lenka Borská 1; Libor Hruška 2; Otto Kučera 3
Authors place of work:
Ústav preventivního lékařství LF UK v Hradci Králové
1; Klinika onkologie a radioterapie LF UK a FN Hradec Králové
2; Ústav fyziologie LF UK v Hradci Králové
3
Published in the journal:
Čas. Lék. čes. 2022; 161: 11-16
Category:
Review Article
Summary
Aging is a process of gradually reducing abilities and functional capacities of the organism. It is a universal process with a considerable degree of variability that is characteristic of all higher animals. Among the theories of ageing, the theory of damage accumulation, which integrates the mechanisms of ageing known to date, is currently widely accepted. This theory is based on pathophysiological processes, injurious changes can occur in the human body. These changes can be understood as damage. Due to the continuous accumulation of damage, the whole system is subsequently deteriorated. The aim of the present work is to characterize the basic pathophysiological mechanisms of aging (damage) in the light of current scientific knowledge and to show them in their hierarchical context.
Keywords:
Physiology – aging – genome – cell
Zdroje
1. Kong Y, Trabucco SE, Zhang H. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and the mitochondria theory of aging. Interdiscip Top Gerontol 2014; 39: 86–107.
2. Dhingra R, Vasan RS. Age as a risk factor. Med Clin North Am 2012; 96(1): 87–91.
3. Pernar CH, Ebot EM, Wilson KM, Mucci LA. The epidemiology of prostate cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8(12): a030361.
4. Levine HJ. Rest heart rate and life expectancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30(4): 1104–1106.
5. Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol 2013; 14(10): R115.
6. da Costa JP, Vitorino R, Silva GM et al. A synopsis on aging-theories, mechanisms and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29: 90–112.
7. Phoenix C, de Grey AD. A model of aging as accumulated damage matches observed mortality patterns and predicts the life-extending effects of prospective interventions. Age (Dordr) 2007; 29(4): 133–189.
8. Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L et al. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013; 153(6): 1194–1217.
9. Whittemore K, Martinez-Nevado E, Blasco MA. Slower rates of accumulation of DNA damage in leukocytes correlate with longer lifespans across several species of birds and mammals. Aging (Albany, NY) 2019; 11(21): 9829–9845.
10. Qiu GH, Zheng X, Fu M et al. The protective function of non-coding DNA in DNA damage accumulation with age and its roles in age-related diseases. Biogerontology 2019; 20(6): 741–761.
11. Lagunas-Rangel A, Bermúdez-Cruz F, Bermúdes-Cruz RM. The role of DNA repair in cellular aging process. DNA Repair- an update [online]. Intech Open, 2019.
12. Xu Y, Sun Z. Molecular basis of Klotho: from gene to function in aging. Endocr Rev 2015; 36(2): 174–193.
13. Lu L, Jin W, Wang LL. Aging in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and related RECQL4 genetic disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33: 30–35.
14. Laugel V. Cockayne syndrome: the expanding clinical and mutational spectrum. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134(5–6): 161–170.
15. Aubert G, Lansdorp PM. Telomeres and aging. Physiol Rev 2008; 88(2): 557–579.
16. Bernardes de Jesus B, Vera E, Schneeberger K et al. Telomerase gene therapy in adult and old mice delays aging and increases longevity without increasing cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4(8): 691–704.
17. Kane AE, Sinclair DA. Epigenetic changes during aging and their reprogramming potential. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54(1): 61–83.
18. Booth LN, Brunet A. The aging epigenome. Mol Cell 2016; 62(5): 728–744.
19. Wagner KH, Cameron-Smith D, Wessner B, Franzke B. Biomarkers of aging: from function to molecular biology. Nutrients 2016; 8(6): 338.
20. Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M et al. Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 2017: 8416763.
21. Schottker B, Brenner H, Jansen EH et al. Evidence for the free radical/oxidative stress theory of ageing from the CHANCES consortium: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMC Med 2015; 13: 300.
22. Vina J. The free radical theory of frailty: Mechanisms and opportunities for interventions to promote successful aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134: 690–694.
23. Koga H, Kaushik S, Cuervo AM. Protein homeostasis and aging: The importance of exquisite quality control. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10(2): 205–215.
24. Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD et al. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature 2009; 460(7253): 392–395.
25. Bitto A, Ito TK, Pineda VV et al. Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice. Elife 2016; 5.
26. Blagosklonny MV. Rapamycin for the aging skin. Aging (Albany, NY) 2019; 11(24): 12822–12826.
27. Stead ER, Castillo-Kvan JI, Miguel VEM et al. Agephagy - adapting autophagy for health during aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7: 308.
28. Papadopoli D, Boulay K, Kazak L et al. mTOR as a central regulator of lifespan and aging. F1000Res 2019; 8: F1000 Faculty Rev-998.
29. Tan VP, Miyamoto S. Nutrient-sensing mTORC1: integration of metabolic and autophagic signals. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 95: 31–41.
30. Chaudhuri J, Bains Y, Guha S et al. The role of advanced glycation end products in aging and metabolic diseases: bridging association and causality. Cell Metab 2018; 28(3): 337–352.
31. Bansode S, Bashtanova U, Li R et al. Glycation changes molecular organization and charge distribution in type I collagen fibrils. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 3397.
32. Senatus LM, Schmidt AM. The AGE-RAGE axis: implications for age-associated arterial diseases. Front Genet 2017; 8: 187.
33. Badar A, Arif Z, Alam K. Role of Carbamylated biomolecules in human diseases. IUBMB Life 2018; 70(4): 267–75.
34. Dan Dunn J, Alvarez LA, Zhang X, Soldati T. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondria: A nexus of cellular homeostasis. Redox Biol 2015; 6: 472–485.
35. Drew B, Phaneuf S, Dirks A et al. Effects of aging and caloric restriction on mitochondrial energy production in gastrocnemius muscle and heart. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 284(2): R474–R480.
36. Sas K, Szabo E, Vecsei L. Mitochondria, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with a focus on ageing and neuroprotection. Molecules 2018; 23(1): 191.
37. Zorov DB, Popkov VA, Zorova LD et al. Mitochondrial aging: Is there a mitochondrial clock? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72(9): 1171–1179.
38. Zorov DB, Krasnikov BF, Kuzminova AE et al. Mitochondria revisited. Alternative functions of mitochondria. Biosci Rep 1997; 17(6): 507–520.
39. Chaabane W, User SD, El-Gazzah M et al. Autophagy, apoptosis, mitoptosis and necrosis: interdependence between those pathways and effects on cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61(1): 43–58.
40. Schwarz DS, Blower MD. The endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function and response to cellular signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73(1): 79–94.
41. Gidalevitz T, Stevens F, Argon Y. Orchestration of secretory protein folding by ER chaperones. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1833(11): 2410–2424.
42. Graner MW, Lillehei KO, Katsanis E. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones and their roles in the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines. Front Oncol 2014; 4: 379.
43. Krammes L, Hart M, Rheinheimer S et al. Induction of the endoplasmic-reticulum-stress response: microRNA-34a targeting of the IRE1alpha-branch. Cells 2020; 9(6): 1442.
44. Xu H, Ren D. Lysosomal physiology. Annu Rev Physiol 2015; 77: 57–80.
45. Stroikin Y, Dalen H, Brunk UT, Terman A. Testing the "garbage" accumulation theory of ageing: Mitotic activity protects cells from death induced by inhibition of autophagy. Biogerontology 2005; 6(1): 39–47.
46. Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157: 94–127.
47. Guha S, Coffey EE, Lu W et al. Approaches for detecting lysosomal alkalinization and impaired degradation in fresh and cultured RPE cells: evidence for a role in retinal degenerations. Exp Eye Res 2014; 126: 68–76.
48. Lefaki M, Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. Redox regulation of proteasome function. Redox Biol 2017; 13: 452–458.
49. Aiken CT, Kaake RM, Wang X, Huang L. Oxidative stress-mediated regulation of proteasome complexes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10(5): R110 006924.
50. Steffen KK, Dillin A. A ribosomal perspective on proteostasis and aging. Cell Metab 2016; 23(6): 1004–1012.
51. Waldera-Lupa DM, Kalfalah F, Florea AM et al. Proteome-wide analysis reveals an age-associated cellular phenotype of in situ aged human fibroblasts. Aging (Albany, NY) 2014; 6(10): 856–878.
52. Turi Z, Lacey M, Mistrik M, Moudry P. Impaired ribosome biogenesis: mechanisms and relevance to cancer and aging. Aging (Albany, NY) 2019; 11(8): 2512–2540.
53. Cheng J, Turkel N, Hemati N et al. Centrosome misorientation reduces stem cell division during ageing. Nature 2008; 456(7222): 599–604.
54. Lai WF, Wong WT. Roles of the actin cytoskeleton in aging and age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58: 101021.
55. Zs-Nagy I. Aging of cell membranes: facts and theories. Interdiscip Top Gerontol 2014; 39: 62–85.
56. Egawa J, Pearn ML, Lemkuil BP et al. Membrane lipid rafts and neurobiology: age-related changes in membrane lipids and loss of neuronal function. J Physiol 2016; 594(16): 4565–4579.
57. Calcinotto A, Kohli J, Zagato E et al. Cellular senescence: aging, cancer, and injury. Physiol Rev 2019; 99(2): 1047–1078.
58. Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Aaronson SA et al. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25(3): 486–541.
59. Ardoin SP, Pisetsky DS. The role of cell death in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease: HMGB1 and microparticles as intercellular mediators of inflammation. Mod Rheumatol 2008; 18(4): 319–326.
60. Ho TT, Warr MR, Adelman ER et al. Autophagy maintains the metabolism and function of young and old stem cells. Nature 2017; 543(7644): 205–210.
61. Flores I, Blasco MA. The role of telomeres and telomerase in stem cell aging. FEBS Lett 2010; 584(17): 3826–3830.
62. Vaiserman AM, Koliada AK, Marotta F. Gut microbiota: a player in aging and a target for anti-aging intervention. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35: 36–45.
63. Odamaki T, Kato K, Sugahara H et al. Age-related changes in gut microbiota composition from newborn to centenarian: a cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16: 90.
64. Biagi E, Franceschi C, Rampelli S et al. Gut microbiota and extreme longevity. Curr Biol 2016; 26(11): 1480–1485.
65. Aunan JR, Watson MM, Hagland HR, Soreide K. Molecular and biological hallmarks of ageing. Br J Surg 2016; 103(2): e29–e46.
66. Reber AJ, Chirkova T, Kim JH et al. Immunosenescence and challenges of vaccination against influenza in the aging population. Aging Dis 2012; 3(1): 68–90.
67. Montecino-Rodriguez E, Berent-Maoz B, Dorshkind K. Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging. J Clin Invest 2013; 123(3): 958–965.
68. Cunha LL, Perazzio SF, Azzi J et al. Remodeling of the immune response with aging: Immunosenescence and its potential impact on COVID-19 immune response. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 1748.
69. Robert L, Labat-Robert J, Robert AM. Physiology of skin aging. Clin Plast Surg 2012; 39(1): 1–8.
70. McNulty M, Spiers P, McGovern E, Feely J. Aging is associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in the human aorta. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18(4 Pt 1): 504–509.
71. Yu TY, Pang JH, Wu KP et al. Aging is associated with increased activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in tenocytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14: 2.
72. Cooper R, Bann D, Wloch EG et al. „Skeletal muscle function deficit“ in a nationally representative British birth cohort in early old age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70(5): 604–607.
73. Safdar A, Hamadeh MJ, Kaczor JJ et al. Aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis in the skeletal muscle of sedentary older adults. PLoS One 2010; 5(5): e10778.
74. Fiechter M, Fuchs TA, Gebhard C et al. Age-related normal structural and functional ventricular values in cardiac function assessed by magnetic resonance. BMC Med Imaging 2013; 13: 6.
75. Dong M, Yang Z, Fang H et al. Aging attenuates cardiac contractility and affects therapeutic consequences for myocardial infarction. Aging Dis 2020; 11(2): 365–376.
76. Lowery EM, Brubaker AL, Kuhlmann E, Kovacs EJ. The aging lung. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8: 1489–1496.
77. Takiishi T, Fenero CIM, Camara NOS. Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: shaping our immune responses throughout life. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5(4): e1373208.
78. Vidal-Pineiro D, Parker N, Shin J et al. Cellular correlates of cortical thinning throughout the lifespan. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 21803.
Štítky
Addictology Allergology and clinical immunology Angiology Audiology Clinical biochemistry Dermatology & STDs Paediatric gastroenterology Paediatric surgery Paediatric cardiology Paediatric neurology Paediatric ENT Paediatric psychiatry Paediatric rheumatology Diabetology Pharmacy Vascular surgery Pain management Dental HygienistČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Journal of Czech Physicians
2022 Číslo 1
- Advances in the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis on the Horizon
- Spasmolytic Effect of Metamizole
- Metamizole at a Glance and in Practice – Effective Non-Opioid Analgesic for All Ages
- What Effect Can Be Expected from Limosilactobacillus reuteri in Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis?
- Metamizole in perioperative treatment in children under 14 years – results of a questionnaire survey from practice
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Physiology of ageing
- Tobacco dependence treatment guidelines
- Do clinical pharmacists contribute to fall prevention in healthcare facilities also in the Czech Republic? 10 years of monitoring and experience from ÚVN Prague
- Multi-branch cooperation on SARS-CoV-2 omicron capture: a case report