New gyneco-urological and sexological implications of the female prostate and female prostate specific antigen
Authors:
prof. MUDr. Milan Zaviačič; DrSc. 1; Richard J. Ablin; Ph.D. 2; MUDr. Tomáš Zaviačič 3; MUDr. Michal Palkovič 1; MUDr. Svetoslav Štvrtina 1; MUDr. Ján Breza; DrSc. 4; MUDr. Karol Holomáň, CSc. 5
Authors place of work:
Ústav patologickej anatómie LF UK Bratislava
1; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona College of Medicine, Tuscon
Arizona, USA
2; Helios Klinikum Gmbh, Frau – Mutter – Kind Zentrum, Erfurt, Deutschland
3; Urologická klinika LF UK a FNsP, Akad. L. Dérera, Bratislava
4; II. gynekologicko-pôrodnická klinika LF UK a FN Bratislava
5
Published in the journal:
Prakt Gyn 2006; 10(3): 115-120
Převzato z časopisu Praktická gynekológia 2005; 12(3): 97–116.
Summary
The paper provides basic information about the structure and function of the female prostate. Particular attention is given to the female prostate-specific antigen (PSA) produced by the functional urinary-genital gland of females. Similarly to males, also in females this prostate marker plays a substantial role in the study of orthology, function and pathology, and in justifying of the use of the term of the female prostate. In view of the existence of the female PSA, which is formed by the female prostate, and the way of release of female prostate fluid containing PSA and other prostate components, prostate (specific) acid phosphatase (PSAP), one cannot agree with the interpretation of the postcoital presence of PSA in the vagina as a result of failure of the female and/or male condom contraception. Continual excretion and ejaculation emptying of the female prostate, in the context of female sexual life parameters, may provide simple explanation of how PSA in females enters the environment of the vagina without any damage of integrity of the male of female condom [94].
Key words:
female prostate – orthology – pathology – exocrine function – terminology – PSA – sources of PSA in females – mechanical (barier) contraception – female condom – male condom (preservative) – criteria of safety
Zdroje
. Ablin RJ. Prostate- specific antigen in the female prostate (Letter). Clin Chem 1989; 35: 507-508.
2. Ablin RJ. A retrospective and prospective overview of prostate-specific antigen. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997; 123: 583-594.
3. Addiego F, Belzer EG, Commoli J et al. Female ejaculation: A case study. J Sex Res 1981; 17: 13-21.
4. Aumüller G, Seitz J. Cytochemistry and histochemistry of acid phosphatase VI: Immunoelectron microscopic studies on human prostatic and leukocytic acid phosphatases. Prostate 1985; 7: 161-169.
5. Aumüller G, Seitz J, Bischof W. Immunohistochemical study on the initiation of acid phosphatase secretion in human prostate. J Andrology 1983; 4: 183-191.
6. Belzer EG, Whipple B, Moger W. On female ejaculation. J Sex Res 1984; 20: 403-406.
7. Bimholz J. High resolution ultrasonography of the clitoris. Abstract book of the 15th World Congress of Sexology. Paris 2001: 23.
8. Borchert GH, Giai M, Diamandis EP. Elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen in serum of women with fibroadenomas and breast cysts (Correspondence). J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 587-588.
9. Bullough B, David M, Whipple B et al. Subjective reports of female orgasmic expulsions of fluid. Nurse Pract 1984; 9: 55-59.
10. Cabello F. Female ejaculation: Myths and reality 1997. In: Borrás-Valls JJ, Pérez-Conchillo M (eds). Sexuality and Human Rights. Valencia: Nau Llibres 1997: 1–8.
11. De Graaf R. De mulierum organis generationi inservientibus. Tractatus novus demonstrans tam homines et animalia caetera omnia, quae viviparadicuntur, haud minus quam vivipara ab ovo originem ducere. Leyden 1672: 66.
12. Dodson MK, Cliby WA, Keeney GL et al. Skene´s gland adenocarcinoma with increased serum level of prostatic-specific antigen. Gynecol Oncol 1994; 55: 304-307.
13. Eichel EW, Eichel JD, Kule S. The technique of coital alignment and its relation to female orgasmic response and simultaneous orgasm. J Sex Marit Ther 1988; 14: 129-141.
14. Eichel EW, Ablin RJ, Zaviačič M. A natural anatomic design (c.a.t.) for coital orgasm: implications for helth and pathology. Abstract book of the 15th World Congress of Sexology. Paris 2001: 2.
15. Encyklopédia medicíny: Spoľahlivosť používania kondomu. Bratislava: Asklepios 1996: 2 vol, 175-176.
16. Findley TP. Quantitation of vaginal acid phosphatase and its relationship to time of coitus. Amer J Clin Path 1977; 68: 238–242.
17. Folsom AI, O´Brien HA. The female obstructing prostate. JAMA 1943; 121: 573-580.
18. Gittes RF, Nakamura RM. Female urethral syndrome. A female prostatitis? Western J Med 1996; 164: 435-438.
19. Gräfenberg E. The role of the urethra in female orgasm. Int J. Sexol 1950; 3: 145-148.
20. Huffman JW. The detailed anatomy of the paraurethral ducts in the adult human female. Amer J Obstet Gynecol 1948; 55: 86-101.
21. Huffman JW. Clinical significance of the paraurethral ducts and glands. Arch Surg 1951; 62: 615-626.
22. Chalker R. The clitoral truth. lst ed. New York: Seven Stories Press 2000: 256.
23. Ladas AK, Whipple B, Perry JD. The G spot and other discoveries about human sexuality. New York: Henry Holt Co 2005: 231.
24. Lawson ML, Macaluso M, Duer A et al. Partner characteristics, intensity of the intercourse, and semen exposure during use of the female condom. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 282-288.
25. Lenck LCH, Vanneuville G. The urethral sphincter (G point). Clinico-anatomical correlations. Rev Fr Gynécol Obstét 1992; 87: 65-69.
26. Macaluso M, Lawson ML, Hortin G et al. Efficacy of the female condom as a barier to semen intercourse. Am J Epidemiol 2003a; 157: 289-297.
27. Macaluso M, Lawson ML, Duerr A et al. Condom effectiveness and prostate-specific antigen. Am J Epidemiol 2003b; 157: 301-302.
28. Mallon RB. Prostatic tissue in females (Letter). J Sex Educ Ther 1983; 9: 6.
29. Mann T. Secretory function of the prostate, seminal vesicles and other male accessory organs of reproduction. J Reprod Fertil 1974; 37: 179-188.
30. Masters W, Johnson V. Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little Brown Co 1966.
31. Minh HN, Smadja A, Hervé De Sigalony JP. Halban´s fascia: its role in sexual physiology. Gynécologie 1979; 30: 267-273.
32. Nordenberg T. Condoms. Barriers to bad news. FDA Consumer Mag 1998.
33. Pollen JJ, Dreilinger A. Immunohistochemical identification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in female periurethral glands. Urology 1984; 23: 303-304.
34. Rusfeldt O. Acid phosphatase employed as a new method of demonstrating seminal spots in forensic medicine. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1946; 58(Suppl): 1–89.
35. Samak S. Ananga-Ranga: G spot and female ejaculation. Personal letter via Dr B Whipple 1997.
36. Schmidt S, Franke M, Lehman J et al. Prostate- specific antigen in female urine: a prospective study involving 217 women. Urology 2001; 57: 717-720.
37. Schubach G. Urethral expulsions during sensual arousal and bladder cathetrization in seven human females. Electron J Hum Sexual 2001; 4: 25.
38. Schubach G. The G-spot is the female prostate (Letter). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187.
39. Schumann GB, Badaway S, Peglow A et al. Prostatic acid phosphatase. Current assessment in vaginal fluid of alleged rape victims. Amer J Clin Path 1976; 66: 944-952.
40. Serrano JA, Wasserkrug HL, Serrano AA et al. The histochemical demonstration of human prostatic acid phosphatase with phosphorylcholine. Invest Urol 1977; 15: 123-136.
41. Sesterhenn IA, Davis CJ jr, Mostofi FK. Benign prostate, prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma in female patients. Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 95A (Abstract No 549).
42. Sevely JL, Bennett JW. Concerning female ejaculation and the female prostate. J Sex Res 1978; 14: 1-20.
43. Skene AJC. The anatomy and pathology of two important glands of the female urethra. Amer J Obstetr Diss Women Child 1880; 13: 265-270.
44. Sloboda J, Zaviačič M, Jakubovský J et al. Metastasizing adenocarcinoma of the female prostate (Skene´s paraurethral glands). Histological and immunohistochemical prostate markers studies and first ultrastructural observation. Pathol Res Pract 1998; 194: 129-136.
45. Spring-Mills E, Hafez ESE. Male Accessory Sex Glands. Amsterdam: Elsevier Nort-Holland Biomedical Press 1980: 660.
46. Steiner MJ, Feldblum PJ, Padian N. Invited commentary: Condom effectiveness- Will prostate- specific antigen shed new light on this perplexing problem? Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 298-300.
47. Stifter KF. Die dritte Dimension der Lust. Das Geheimnis der weiblichen Ejakulation., Frankfurt: Ullstein/ Berlin: Main 1988: 224.
48. Stifter KF. Sexology of the Vaginal Orgasm. 1st ed. Eschen: Hedaco 2005:199.
49. Šuška P et al. Vybrané kapitoly y gynekológie. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo UK 2003: 256.
50. Tepper SL, Jagirdar J, Heath D et al. Homology between the female paraurethral (Skene´s) glands and the prostate. Arch Path Lab Med 1984; 108: 423-425.
51. Whipple B. G spot and female pleasure. In: Bullough VI, Bullough B (eds). Human Sexuality. An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing 1994.
52. Whipple B, Komisaruk BR. The G spot, vaginal orgasm, female ejaculation: A review of research and literature. Sex Matters. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers BV 1992: 33-36.
53. Whipple B, Komisaruk BR. Beyond the G spot. Med Asp Human Sexual 1998; 6: 19-23.
54. Williams PL, Warwick R, Dyson M et al. Gray´s anatomy. 37th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1989: 1598.
55. Zaviačič M. Enzyme histochemistry of the adult human female prostate: hydrolase and dehydrogenase distribution. Cell Molec Biol 1984a; 30: 537-543.
56. Zaviačič M. Enzyme histochemistry of the adult human female prostate: acid phosphatase distribution. Cell Molec Biol 1984b; 30: 545-561.
57. Zaviačič M. Argyrophil and argentaffin APUD cells in the human female prostate homologue and urethra. Acta Histochem 1986; 79: 93-96.
58. Zaviačič M. The female prostate: Nonvestigial organ of the female. A reappraisal. (Letter to the Editor). J Sex Marit Ther 1987; 13: 148-152.
59. Zaviačič M. Sexuálna asfyxiofília (Koczwarizmus). Čs Psychiarie 1993; 89: 200-208.
60. Zaviačič M. Sexual asphyxiophilia (Koczwarism) in women and the biological phenomenon of female ejaculation. Med Hypothes 1994; 42: 318-322.
61. Zaviačič M. Prostate-specific antigen and history of its discovery. Bratislava Med J 1997; 98: 659-662.
62. Zaviačič M. The Human Female Prostate. From Vestigial Skene s Paraurethral Glands and Ducts to Woman s Functional Prostate. 1st ed. Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press l999: 171.
63. Zaviačič M. The human female prostate and its role in woman s life: Sexology implications (Invited Review). Scand J Sexol 2001; 4: 199-211.
64. Zaviačič M. Die weibliche Prostata, Pathologie, Sexuologie und forensich-sexuologische Implikationen. Sexuologie 2002; 9: 107-115.
65. Zaviačič M. The Human Female Prostate. From Vestigial Skene s Paraurethral Glands and Ducts to Woman s Functional Prostate. 2nd ed. Tokyo: Free Press 2003: 151.
66. Zaviačič M, Whipple B. Update on the female prostate and the phenomenon of female ejaculation. J Sex Res 1993; 30 148-151.
67. Zaviačič M, Whipple B. Ženská ejakulácia, ženská prostata a ženská sexualita: špecifické súčasti biológie ženského pohlavia. Sexuológia/Sexology 2001; 1: 12-18.
68. Zaviačič M, Ablin RJ. The female prostate (Correspondence). J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 713.
69. Zaviačič M, Ablin RJ. The female prostate and prostate-specific antigen. Immunohistochemical localization, implications of this prostate marker in women and reasons for using the term „prostate“ in the human female. Invited Review. Histol Histopathol 2000; 15: 131-142.
70. Zaviačič M, Ablin RJ. The G-spot (Letter to the Editor). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 519-520.
71. Zaviačič M, Zaviačič T. Biologický fenomén ženských uretrálnych expulzií (ženská ejakulácia). In: P. Šuška et al. Vybrané kapitoly z gynekológie. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo UK 2003: 256.
72. Zaviačič M, Zaviačič T. Ženská prostata a jej ochorenia. In: P. Šuška et al. Vybrané kapitoly z gynekológie. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo UK 2003: 256.
73. Zaviačič M, Ablin RJ. The use of prostate –specific antigen as a criterion for condom effectiveness (Letter to the Editor). Am J Epidemiol 2005 (in press).
74. Zaviačič M, Brozman M, Holomáň IK et al. Nové poznatky o parauretrálnych (Skeneových) vývodoch a žľazách ženy. Bratisl Lek Listy 1983; 79: 533-544.
75. Zaviačič M, Jakubovský J, Polák Š et al. The fluid of female urethral expulsions analyzed by histochemical, electron microscopic and other methods. Histochem J 1984; 16: 445-447.
76. Zaviačič M, Zaviačičová A, Brozman M et al. Prostata ženy alebo Skeneove žľazy a vývody? (Dôvody pre návrat k pôvodnému termínu De Graafa). Čs Gynekol 1985; 50: 372-377.
77. Zaviačič M, Kokavec M, Zaviačičová A et al. Forenzne-medicínske aspekty ženskej prostaty a ejakulácie ženy a možnosti využitia týchto poznatkov pri vyšetrovaní mravnostných trestných činov. Čs Kriminalist 1987a; 20: 205-219.
78. Zaviačič M, Kokavec M, Zaviačičová A et al. Forensic - medical aspects of female prostate and female ejaculation: Acid phosphatase positivity in the artificially prepared spots from fluid expelled at ejaculation of the female. Arch Med Sad Krym 1987b; 37: 152-159.
79. Zaviačič M, Zaviačičová A, Holomáň IK et al. Female urethral expulsions evoked by local digital stimulation of the G-spot: Differences in the response patterns. J Sex Res 1988a; 24: 311-318.
80. Zaviačič M, Holomáň IK, Molčan J et al. Weibliche Ejakulation klinisch provoziert. Sexualmedizin 1988; 17: 196-200.
81. Zaviačič M, Kokavec M, Oberučová J et al. Forensic-medical aspects of female prostate and female ejaculation: Acid phosphatase positivity in spots on soiled female underwear and in the wipe-up spots from female urethra and vagina. Evidence for the existence of continual secretion of the female prostate. Arch Med Sad Krym 1988; 38: 28-35.
82. Zaviačič M, Šidlo J, Borovský M. Prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase in adenocarcinoma of Skene´s paraurethral glands and ducts. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat 1993; 423: 503-505.
83. Zaviačič M, Whipple B, Zaviačičová A et al. Medicínske aspekty fenoménu uretrálnych expulzií (ejakulácie) ženy a ich využitie pre prax. Slovenský Lekár 1993; 3: 53-56.
84. Zaviačič M, Ružičková M, Jakubovský J et al. Význam prostatických markerov v ortológii ženskej prostaty. Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95: 491-497.
85. Zaviačič M, Danihel L, Ružičková M et al. Immunohistochemical localization of human protein 1 in the female prostate (Skene´s gland) and the male prostate. Histochem J 1997a; 29: 219-227.
86. Zaviačič M, Ružičková M, Blažeková J et al. Immunohistochemical distribution of rabbit polyclonal antiurinary protein 1 antibody in the female (Skene´s gland) and male prostate: new marker for neuroendocrine cells? Acta Histochem 1997; 99: 267-275.
87. Zaviačič M, Zajíčková M, Blažeková J et al. Weight, size, macroanatomy and histology of the normal prostate in the adult human female: A minireview (Review) J Histotechnol 2000a; 23: 61-69.
88. Zaviačič M, Ablin RJ, Ružičková M et al. Immunohistochemical study of prostate-specific antigen in normal and pathological human tissues with special reference to the male and female prostate and breast. J Histotechnol 2000; 23: 105-111.
89. Zaviačič M, Jakubovská V, Belošovič M et al. Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene´s gland). Anat Embryol 2000; 201: 51-61.
90. Zaviačič M, Zaviačič T, Ablin RJ et al. La prostate féminine :historique, morphologie fonctionnelle et implications en sexologie. Sexologies 2002; 11: 38-43.
91. Zaviačič M, Zaviačič T, Ablin RJ et al. The female prostate: history, functional morphology and sexology implications. Sexologies 2002; 11: 44-49.
92. Zaviačič M, Ablin RJ, Zaviačič T et al. Signet ring cell carcinoma of Skene s gland („the female prostate„): Histological and Electronmicroscopic Analysis of a Biopsy Case. UroOncology 2002; 2: 199-204.
093. Zaviačič M, Zaviačič T, Ablin R et al. Prostate- specific antigen and progress in the prostate orthology and pathology: Special reference to the female prostate. Rinsho-Kensa 2003; 47: 1015-1018.
94. Zaviačič T, Zaviačič M, Doležalová S et al. Vaginal (via G spot) and clitoridal digital self stimulation for inducing female ejaculation phenomenon and amounts of the prostate specific antigen in female ejaculate and urine. A case report (2005 in press).
Štítky
Paediatric gynaecology Gynaecology and obstetrics Reproduction medicineČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Practical Gynecology
2006 Číslo 3
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Ureaplasma Urealyticum as a Cause of Chronic Vaginal Discharge
- New gyneco-urological and sexological implications of the female prostate and female prostate specific antigen
- The possibility of donated gametes or embryos usage in infertility treatment
- The profile of tibolon with regard to breast safety in long-term therapy