The risks associated with smoking in pregnancy are still underestimated. It is unprofessional and unethical to tolerate smoking in pregnancy
Authors:
D. Hrubá
Authors place of work:
Ústav preventivního lékařství, LF MU Brno
Published in the journal:
Prakt Gyn 2011; 15(1): 34-39
Category:
Review Article
Summary
Cigarette smoke contains about 4–5 thousands chemicals; many of them damage not only mother, but can cross the placental barrier and influence the developing foetus. Smoking pregnant women are at significantly higher risk of cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, pregnancy complications, aborts and pre-term deliveries than non-smokers. Their children have more often congenital malformations (cardiac, urogenital, limbs defects, clefts). Chronic foetal hypoxemia and hyponutrition (due to maternal smoking and direct influence of nicotine) retard the growth of the foetus, damage the development of the lungs and brain and change programming of the foetal metabolism. Prenatally exposed children are at higher risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, malignancies, conduct disorders, learning disabilities and others health impairments, both during childhood and adulthood. Tolerance for smoking during pregnancy by health professionals is non-professional and non-ethic.
Key words:
smoking in pregnancy – mother’s health – foetal development – postnatal health – health in adulthood
Zdroje
1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. Lyon: IARC 2004.
2. US Department of Health and Human Services CDCaP, National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. A Report of the Surgeon General. USA: Atlanta 2006.
3. Flouris AD, Metsios GS, Carrillo AE et al. Acute and short-term effects of secondhand smoke on lung function and cytokine production. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 294(2): 1029–1033.
4. Metsios GS, Flouris AD, Angioi M et al. Passive smoking and the development of cardiovascular disease in children: A systematic review. Cardiol Res Practice 2010. In print.
5. Roelands J, Jamison MG, Lyerly AD et al. Consequences of smoking during pregnancy on maternal health. J Womens Health 2009; 18(6): 867–872.
6. US Department of Health and Human Services CDCaP, National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Women and smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. USA: Atlanta 2001.
7. Källen K. Maternal smoking and urinary organ malformations. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26(3): 571–574.
8. Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Moore CA. Family history, maternal smoking and clubfoot: an indication of a gene-environment interaction. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152(7): 658–665.
9. Kuciene R, Dulskiene V. Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of congenital heart septal defects. Medicina (Kaunas) 2010; 46(9): 635–641.
10. Wyszynski DF, Duffy DL, Beaty TH. Maternal cigarette smoking and oral clefts: a meta-analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1997; 34(3): 206–210.
11. Young S, Sherrill DL, Arnott J et al. Parental factors affecting respiratory function during the first year of life. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 29(5): 331–340.
12. Syme C, Abrahamowitz M, Mahboubi A et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and accumulation of intra-abdominal fat during adolescence. Obesity 2010; 18(5): 1021–1025.
13. Ino T. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring obesity: meta-analysis. Pediatr Int 2010; 52(1): 94–99.
14. Somm E, Schwitzgebel VM, Vauthay DM et al. Prenatal nicotine exposure and the programming of metabolic and cardial disorders. Review. Mol Cell Endocrin 2009; 304: 69–77.
15. Gorog K, Pattenden S, Antova T et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity: results from the CESAR Study. Matern Child Health J 2009. In print.
16. Wen X, Triche EW, Hogan JW et al. Birth weight and adult hypercholesterolemia. Subgroups of small-for-gestational-age based on maternal smoking status during pregnancy. Epidemiology 2010; 21(6): 786–790.
17. Villablanca AC, Pinkerton KE, Rutledge JC. Maternal and neonatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke targets pro-inflammatory genes in neonatal arteries. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3(6): 696–703.
18. Cohen G, Jeffery H, Lagercrantz H et al. Long-term reprogramming of cardiovascular function in infants of active smokers. Hypertension 2010; 55(3): 722–728.
19. Duncan JR, Garland M, Myers MM et al. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. J Appl Physiol 2009; 107(5): 1579–1590.
20. Toro R, Leonard G, Lerner JV et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and the adolescent cerebral cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33(5): 1019–1027.
21. Ekblad M, Gissler M, Lehtonen L et al. Prenatal smoking exposure and the risk of psychiatric morbidity into young adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67(8): 841–849.
22. Mamsen LS, Lutterodt MC, Andersen EW et al. Cigarette smoking during early pregnancy reduces the number of embryonic germ and somatic cells. Hum Reprod 2010; 25(11): 2755–2761.
23. Chelchowska M, Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J et al. The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on plasma oxidant and antioxidant status in mother and newborn. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011. In print.
24. Doherty SP, Grabowski J, Hoffman C et al. Early life insult from cigarette smoke may be predictive of chronic diseases later in life. Biomarkers 2009; 14 (Suppl 1): 97–101.
25. Shrestha A, Nohr EA, Bech BH et al. Smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy and age of menarche in daughters. Hum Reprod 2011; 26(1): 259–265.
26. Julihn A, Ekbom A, Modéer T. Maternal overweight and smoking: prenatal risk factors for caries development in offspring during the teenage period. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24(12): 753–762.
27. Ng SP, Zelikoff JT. Smoking during pregnancy: subsequent effects on offspring immune competence and disease vulnerability in later life. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 23(3): 428–437.
28. Koshy G, Delpisheh A, Brabin L et al. Parental smoking and increased likehood of female births. Ann Hum Biol 2010; 37(6): 789–800.
29. Koshy G, Delpisheh A, Brabin B. Dose response association of pregnancy cigarette smoke exposure, childhood stature, overweight and obesity. Eur J Public Health 2010. In print.
Štítky
Paediatric gynaecology Gynaecology and obstetrics Reproduction medicineČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Practical Gynecology
2011 Číslo 1
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- The methods of skeletal age assessment
- Necrotic myoma in pregnancy
- Cryopreservation of cells and tissues in assisted reproduction
- Correlation between ultrasound, hysteroscopy and histological picture of endometrial polyps