Recent Overview of Kidney Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment

Česká verzia

Authors: J. Marenčák ¹; M. Ondrušová ^1,2; D. Ondruš ³
Authors place of work: Vysoká škola zdravotníctva a sociálnej práce sv. Alžbety, Bratislava ¹; Pharm-In, spol. s. r. o., Bratislava ²; I. onkologická klinika LF UK a Onkologického ústavu sv. Alžbety, Bratislava ³
Published in the journal: Klin Onkol 2017; 30(3): 175-181
Category: Přehled
doi: https://doi.org/10.14735/amko2017175

Summary

The incidence of kidney cancer has increased in the majority of countries worldwide, and this disease has relatively high lethality. For many years, the Slovak Republic has been among the countries with the highest kidney cancer incidence, in particular in 2012 (according to global estimated values) in both genders, although mainly in females. In the last few years, the Czech Republic has had the highest incidence of kidney cancer worldwide. The use of imaging techniques such as ultrasound and computerized tomography has increased the detection of asymptomatic renal cell cancer. Etiological factors include lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, and hypertension. Nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy are the standard treatments. Locally confined tumors in stage T1 should be treated with kidney-preserving surgery. Minimally invasive surgery is often possible as long as the surgeon has the requisite experience. For patients with metastases, overall and progression-free survival can be prolonged by pharmacotherapy with VEGF and mTOR inhibitors. The resection or irradiation of metastases can be a useful palliative treatment for patients with brain or osseal metastases that are painful or increase the risk of fracture. Minimally invasive surgery and new systemic drugs have expanded the therapeutic options for patients with renal cell carcinoma. The search for new predictive and prognostic markers is now in progress.

Key words:
kidney cancer – epidemiology – risk factors – pathology – diagnosis – therapy

The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.

The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.

Submitted:
2. 12. 2016

Accepted:
3. 1. 2017

Zdroje

1. Scélo G, Brennan P. The epidemiology of bladder and kidney cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2007; 4 (4): 205–217.

2. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015; 136 (5): E359–E386. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210.

3. Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH et al (eds). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, vol. X. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications 2014: 1436.

4. McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Tarone RE et al. Renal Cancer, kapt. 57. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr (eds). Cancer Epidemiology & Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006: 1087–1100.

5. Wiklund F, Tretli S, Choueiri TK et al. Risk of bilateral renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (23): 3737–3741. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.6524.

6. Weikert S, Ljungberg B. Contemporary epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma: perspectives of primary prevention. World J Urol 2010; 28 (3): 247–252. doi: 10.1007/s00345-010-0555-1.

7. Levi F, Ferlay J, Galeone C et al. The changing pattern of kidney cancer incidence and mortality in Europe. BJU Int 2008; 101 (8): 949–958. doi: 10.1111/j.1464 410X.2008.07451.x.

8. Chow WH, Devesa SS. Contemporary epidemiology of renal cell cancer. Cancer J 2008; 14 (5): 288–301. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181867628.

9. Pérez-Farinós N, López-Abente G, Pastor-Barriuso R. Time trend and age-period-cohort effect on kidney cancer mortality in Europe, 1981–2000. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 119. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-119.

10. Levi F, Lucchini F, Negri E et al. Declining mortality from kidney cancer in Europe. Ann Oncol 2004; 15 (7): 1130–1135.

11. Safaei Diba C, Hlava P (eds). Incidencia zhubných nádorov v SR 2010. Bratislava: NCZI, NOR SR 2017: 188.

12. Ondruš D, Kaušitz J. Špeciálna onkológia. Bratislava: Solen. In press 2017.

13. Ljungberg B, Bensalah K, Bex A et al. Chronic pelvic pain. In: EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. Arnhem: European Association of Urology 2016: 1–54.

14. Ljungberg B, Bensalah K, Bex A et al. EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma (limited text update March 2016). EAU pocket guidelines, Arnhem: European Association of Urology 2016: 77–97.

15. Campbell S, Lane B. Malignant renal tumors. In: Wein A, Kavoussi L, Partin A et al (eds). Campbell – Walsh Urology. 11th ed. Saunders Elsevier 2016: 1315–1364.

16. Doehn C, Grüwald V, Steiner T et al. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of renal cell carcinoma. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2016; 113 (4): 590–596. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0590.

17. Srigley JR, Delahunt B, Eble J et al. The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Vancouver Classification of renal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37 (10): 1469–1489. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318299f2d1.

18. Marenčák J. Diagnostika karcinómu obličky a stanovenie rozsahu ochorenia. Lek Listy 2010; 15 (26): 3–5.

19. Breza J, Marenčák J, Minčík I et al (eds). Nádory obličiek. 1. vyd. Bratislava: Poľana 2008: 1–386.

20. Brouwer O, van der Poel H, Bevers R et al. Beyond penile cancer, is there a role for sentinel node biopsy in urological malignancies? Clin Transl Imaging 2016; 4 (4): 395–410.

21. MacLennan S, Imamura M, Lapitan M et al. Systematic review of oncological outcomes following surgical management of localised renal cancer. Eur Urol 2012; 61 (6): 972–993. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.039.

22. Bekema H, MacLennan S, Imamura M et al. Systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2013; 64 (5): 799–810. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.04.033.

23. Smaldone M, Kutikov A, Egleston B et al. Small renal masses progressing to metastases under active surveillance: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Cancer 2012; 118 (7): 997–1006. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26369.

24. Gore ME, Griffin CL, Hancock B et al. Interferon alpha-2a versus combination therapy with interferon alpha-2a, interleukin-2, and fluorouracil in patients with untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRC RE04/EORTC GU 30012): an open-label randomized trial. Lancet 2010; 375 (4): 641–648. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (09) 61921-8.

25. Heng DY, Xie W, Regan MM et al. External validation and comparison with other models of the International Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium prognostic model: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14 (2): 141–148. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045 (12) 70559-4.

26. Motzer RJ, Barrios CH, Kim TM et al. Phase II randomized trial comparing sequential first-line everolimus and second-line sunitinib versus first-line sunitinib and second-line everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (12): 2765–2772. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.54.6911.

27. Kudelin N, Bölükbas S, Eberlein M et al. Metastasectomy with standardized lymph node dissection for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an 11-year single-center experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96 (2): 265–271. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.04.047.

28. Bennani O, Derrey S, Langlois O et al. Brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Neurochirurgie 2014; 60 (1): 12–16. doi: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2013.12.001.

29. Haas NB, Manola J, Uzzo R et al. Adjuvant sunitinib or sorafenib for high-risk, non-metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (ECOG-ACRIN E2805): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2016; 387 (12): 2008–2016. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (16) 00 559-6.

30. Motzer R, Escudier B, McDermott D et al. Nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (11): 1803–1813. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1510665.

31. Choueiri T, Escudier B, Powles T et al. Cabozantinib versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (11): 1814–1823. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1510016.