Ethical Implications of Modifying Lethal Injection Protocols

1. 2008

Baze v. Rees, 128 S. Ct. 1520, 1532, 1548, 1568

2. DennoD

2002

When legislatures delegate death: The troubling paradox behind state uses of electrocution and lethal injection and what it says about us.

Ohio State Law J

63

63

260

Available: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=319340. Accessed 5 May 2008

3. DennoDW

2007

The lethal injection quandary: How medicine has dismantled the death penalty.

Fordham Legal Studies Research Paper No. 983732. Available: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=983732. Accessed 5 May 2008

4. Death Penalty Information Center

2008

Searchable database of executions.

Available: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions.php. Accessed 5 May 2008

5. FellnerJTofteS

2006

So long as they die: Lethal injection in the United States. Human Rights Watch.

Available: http://hrw.org/reports/2006/us0406/. Accessed 5 May 2008

6. KoniarisLGZimmersTALubarskyDASheldonJP

2005

Inadequate anaesthesia in lethal injection for execution.

Lancet

365

1412

1414

7. WeismanRSBernsteinJN

2005

Inadequate anaesthesia in lethal injection for execution.

Lancet

366

1074

author reply 1074–1076

8. ZimmersTASheldonJLubarskyDALópez-MuñozFWatermanL

2007

Lethal injection for execution: Chemical asphyxiation.

PLoS Med

4

e156

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040156

9. KoniarisLGSheldonJPZimmersTA

2007

Can lethal injection for execution really be “fixed”.

Lancet

369

352

353

10. TuohyL

2005

Ross autopsy stirs execution debate. Hartford Courant.

Available: http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/880781791.html?dids=880781791:880781791&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+11%2C+2005&author=LYNNE+TUOHY&pub=Hartford+Courant&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=ROSS+AUTOPSY+STIRS+EXECUTION+DEBATE+. Accessed 5 May 2008

11. LiptakAAguayoT

2006

After problem execution, Governor Bush suspends the death penalty in Florida. The New York Times.

Available: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E2D81231F935A25751C1A9609C8B63. Accessed 5 May 2008

12. KennedyJBellM

2006

Bush halts executions to review procedure: Florida prison staff inserted the killer's needles poorly, a preliminary autopsy finds.

Orlando Sentinel

13. DworkinG

2003

Lethal injection, autonomy, and the proper ends of medicine: A esponse to David Silver.

Bioethics

17

212

214

14. LiangBA

2006

Special doctor's docket. Lethal injection: policy considerations for medicine.

J Clin Anesth

18

466

470

15. United States Department of Health and Human Services

2005

Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (the “Common Rule”).

Available: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm. Accessed 8 May 2008

16. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Lethal Injection Protocol Review Team

2007

State of California lethal injection protocol review.

Available: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/News/2007_Press_Releases/docs/ReportToCourt.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2008

17. United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Prisons

2007

Execution protocol training agenda, April 17, 2007.

Federal Correctional Complex Terre Haute

18. LynnJBailyMABottrellMJenningsBLevineRJ

2007

The ethics of using quality improvement methods in health care.

Ann Intern Med

146

666

673

19. BailyMABottrellMLynnJJenningsBHastingsC

2006

The ethics of using QI methods to improve health care quality and safety.

Hastings Cent Rep

36

S1

S40

20. TruogRDBrennanTA

1993

Participation of physicians in capital punishment.

N Engl J Med

329

1346

1350

21. ZimmersTALubarskyDA

2007

Physician participation in lethal injection executions.

Curr Opin Anaesthesiol

20

147

151

22. GawandeA

2006

When law and ethics collide—Why physicians participate in executions.

N Engl J Med

354

1221

1229

23. Tennessee Department of Correction

2007

Report on administration of death sentences in Tennessee.

Available: http://www.tennessean.com/assets/pdf/DN71684430.PDF. Accessed 5 May 2008

24. Florida Governor's Commission on Administration of Lethal Injection

2007

Final report with findings and recommendations.

Available: http://sentencing.nj.gov/downloads/pdf/articles/2007/Apr2007/document08.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2008

25. 1990

White v. Napoleon, 897 F.2d 103 (3d Cir. 1990). Available: http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/prisons/white_v_napoleon.htm. Accessed 5 May 2008

26. Committee on Ethical Considerations for Revisions to DHHS Regulations for Protection of Prisoners Involved in Research

2006

Ethical considerations for research involving prisoners. National Academies Press.

Available: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11692. Accessed 5 May 2008

27. SchwartzJ

2007

Oversite of human subject research: The role of the states (research involving human participants V2). Online Ethics Center at the National Academy of Engineering.

Available: http://www.onlineethics.diamax.com/CMS/research/resref/nbacindex/nbachindex/hschwartz.aspx. Accessed 5 May 2008

28. ShahSK

2008

How lethal injection reform constitutes impermissible research on prisoners.

Am Crim Law Rev

45

29. Arizona State Legislature

2005

Prisoner participation in medical research and plasmapheresis and whole blood programs. Arizona Statutes 31-321 to 31-323.

Available: http://www.azleg.gov/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp?Title=31. Accessed 5 May 2008

30. Oregon State Legislature

2007

Experimentation on inmates prohibited; inmate's right to judicial restraint of violation; action for damages.

Oregon Statutes 421.085(2) and 421.085(1). Available: http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/421.html. Accessed 5 May 2008

31. California State Legislature

2007

Biomedical and behavioral research: General provisions and prohibitions.

California Penal Code 3502 and 3502.5. Available: http://law.justia.com/california/codes/pen/3501-3509.5.html. Accessed 5 May 2008

32. Virginia General Assembly

2007

Criminal justice and corrections: Regulations for human subject research.

Virginia Administrative Code Title 6, 15-26-30C. Available: http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+reg+6VAC15-26-30. Accessed 5 May 2008

33. United States District Court, Northern District of California

2006

Exhibit A to Motion for TRO, Morales v. Hickman.

Case Number 6–219. San Quentin Operational Procedure No. 770

34. United States District Court, Northern District of California

2006

Memorandum of intended decision; Request for response from defendants, Morales v. Tilton.

Case Number C 06-219, C 06-926. Available: http://www.hrw.org/us/morales121506.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2008

35. Florida Department of Corrections

2007

Florida lethal injection protocol to use after August 16, 2006.

Exhibit A. February 15, 2007. Tallahassee, FL. Available: http://lethal-injection-florida.blogspot.com/2007/02/florida-lethal-injection-protocol-to.html. Accessed 5 May 2008

36. United States District Court, Eastern District of North Carolina

2005

Second Heath Affidavit, Page v. Beck.

Case Number 4-04. Document Number 102

37. United States District Court, Eastern District of North Carolina

2004

Affidavit of Dershwitz, Perkins v. Beck.

Case Number 04-643. Document Number 7, pp

22

31

38. United States District Court, Eastern District of North Carolina

2005

Polk Deposition, Page v. Beck.

Case Number 5:04-ct-4. Document Number 98

39. SteinbrookR

2006

New technology, old dilemma—Monitoring EEG activity during executions.

N Engl J Med

354

2525

2527

40. WeiglA

2007

Doc's execution role: «Be present». The News & Observer.

Available: http://www.newsobserver.com/1509/story/559110.html. Accessed 5 May 2008

41. North Carolina Office of Administrative Hearings

2007

Conner et al. v. North Carolina Council of State, 07 Gov. 0238 & 0264 at 6

42. United States District Court, Eastern District of North Carolina

2006

Final Order; Brown v. Beck. Case Number 5:06-CT-3018-H.

Available: http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/blogdocs/williebrown.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2008

43. HeathMJStanskiDRPounderDJ

2005

Inadequate anaesthesia in lethal injection for execution.

Lancet

366

1073

1074

author reply 1074–1076

44. Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals

2006

Order denying request for stay of execution and setting execution date, Malicoat v. State.

Case Number D-1998-151. Available: http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=446506. Accessed 5 May 2008

45. 2007

Response from the Office of General Counsel, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, dated November 5, 2007, to an Open Records Request by Jon Sheldon, dated October 10, 2007