Transnational Tobacco Company Interests in Smokeless Tobacco in Europe: Analysis of Internal Industry Documents and Contemporary Industry Materials

English version České info

Background:
European Union (EU) legislation bans the sale of snus, a smokeless tobacco (SLT) which is considerably less harmful than smoking, in all EU countries other than Sweden. To inform the current review of this legislation, this paper aims to explore transnational tobacco company (TTC) interests in SLT and pure nicotine in Europe from the 1970s to the present, comparing them with TTCs' public claims of support for harm reduction.

Methods and Results:
Internal tobacco industry documents (in total 416 documents dating from 1971 to 2009), obtained via searching the online Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, were analysed using a hermeneutic approach. This library comprises documents obtained via litigation in the US and does not include documents from Imperial Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International, or Swedish Match. To help overcome this limitation and provide more recent data, we triangulated our documentary findings with contemporary documentation including TTC investor presentations. The analysis demonstrates that British American Tobacco explored SLT opportunities in Europe from 1971 driven by regulatory threats and health concerns, both likely to impact cigarette sales negatively, and the potential to create a new form of tobacco use among those no longer interested in taking up smoking. Young people were a key target. TTCs did not, however, make SLT investments until 2002, a time when EU cigarette volumes started declining, smoke-free legislation was being introduced, and public health became interested in harm reduction. All TTCs have now invested in snus (and recently in pure nicotine), yet both early and recent snus test markets appear to have failed, and little evidence was found in TTCs' corporate materials that snus is central to their business strategy.

Conclusions:
There is clear evidence that BAT's early interest in introducing SLT in Europe was based on the potential for creating an alternative form of tobacco use in light of declining cigarette sales and social restrictions on smoking, with young people a key target. We conclude that by investing in snus, and recently nicotine, TTCs have eliminated competition between cigarettes and lower-risk products, thus helping maintain the current market balance in favour of (highly profitable) cigarettes while ensuring TTCs' long-term future should cigarette sales decline further and profit margins be eroded.

Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Vyšlo v časopise: Transnational Tobacco Company Interests in Smokeless Tobacco in Europe: Analysis of Internal Industry Documents and Contemporary Industry Materials. PLoS Med 10(9): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001506
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001506

Souhrn

Zdroje

1. Euromonitor International (December 2010) Global Tobacco–Key Findings. Part One - Tobacco Overview and Cigarettes: Resilience or Decline? London. Available (by subscription) from: www.euromonitor.com. Accessed 2 July 2012.

2. Dyrbus B (2011) Deutsche Bank Global Consumer Conference. Paris: Imperial Tobacco.

3. Jacek Olczak (2012) Investor Day Lausanne June 21 2012: Presentation script by Jacek Olczak, President European Union Philip Morris International Inc. Available: https://edge.media-server.com/m/s/a27vta8g/p/ny3a2u57/l/1. Accessed 2 July 2012.

4. Euromonitor International (2011) Cigarette Retail Volume (mn sticks) Western Europe and Eastern Europe 1997–2011. London. Available: http://www.euromonitor.com. Accessed 2 October 2012.

5. GilmoreAB (2012) Understanding the vector in order to plan effective tobacco control policies: an analysis of contemporary tobacco industry materials. Tobacco Control 21: 119–126.

6. Citigroup Global Markets (2011) Tobacco: What If the Last Smoker Quits in 2050? We're cutting BAT, PM and IMT as short-term trends have worsened, but we're more concerned about the very long term. London.

7. GayG (2011) Shifting Gears. Tobacco Reporter 54–58.

8. Aguinaga BialousS, PeetersS (2012) A brief overview of the tobacco industry in the last 20 years. Tobacco Control 21: 92–94.

9. European Smokeless Tobacco Council (2012) About ESTOC: Membership. Available: http://www.estoc.org/about-estoc/membership. Accessed 8 August 2012.

10. European Smokeless Tobacco Council (2012) About ESTOC: Structure. Available: http://www.estoc.org/about-estoc/structure. Accessed 8 August 2012.

11. Euromonitor International (August 2011) Global Tobacco Findings 2011: Battle Intensifies. London. Available: http://www. euromonitor.com. Accessed 2 July 2012.

12. Gallus S, Lugo A, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Chaloupka FJ, et al.. (2012) European Survey on Economic Aspects of Smoking. An Pricing Policies and Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) Output. Dublin, PPACTE consortium. Available: http://www.ppacte.eu. Accessed 25 July 2012.

13. European Commission (1992) Council Directive 92/41/EEC of 15 May 1992 amending Directive 89/622/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the labelling of tobacco products. Official Journal of the European Communities L158: 30–33.

14. Statistics Norway (2012) Table 07692: Daily snuff users and occasional snuff users, by sex and age (per cent). Available: http://statbank.ssb.no/ statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=1&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=royk. Accessed 2 October 2012

15. British American Tobacco (2008) BAT response to the Department of Health discussion document ‘Consultation on the future of tobacco control, May 2008’. 5 September 2008. Available: http://www.bat.com/ukconsultation. Accessed 21 December 2011.

16. Philip Morris Limited (2008) PML's Response to the DH's Consultation on the future of tobacco control, 8 September 2008. Brentford.

17. European Commission Health and Consumers Directorate-General Directorate D4- Substances of Human Origin and Tobacco Control (2011) Meeting with cigarette manufacturers, Brussels, 02 December 2011 - Minutes. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/docs/ev_20121202_mi_en.pdf. Accessed 18 January 2012.

18. Nicoventures (2013) What is Nicoventures? Available: http://www.nicoventures.co.uk/what-is-nicoventures. Accessed 28 February 2013.

19. Thompson C, Wembridge M (12 August 2012) Big tobacco push for cigarette alternatives. Financial Times. Available: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1881ad44-e484-11e1-affe-00144feab49a.html#axzz23PEULwAy.

20. Royal College of Physicians (2007) Harm reduction in nicotine addiction: helping people who can't quit. A report by the Tobacco Advisory Goup of the Royal College of Physicians. London: RCP.

21. Chapman S (2007) Public Health Advocacy and Tobacco Control. Making Smoking History: Wiley-Blackwell.

22. Tobacco Control Research Group (2012) TPD: DalliGate. Available: http://tobaccotactics.org/index.php/TPD:_SnusGate. Accessed 22 November 2012.

23. European Commission (2001) Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products. Official Journal of the European Communities 26–34.

24. European Commission (2012) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco and related products. Brussels

25. HurtRD, EbbertJO, MuggliME, LockhartNJ, RobertsonCR (2009) Open Doorway to Truth: Legacy of the Minnesota Tobacco Trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84: 446–456.

26. Forster N (1997) The Analysis of Company Documentation. In: Cassell C, Symon G, editors. Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research: A Practical Guide. Sage Publications.

27. Hill MR (1993) Archival Strategies and Techniques. Qualitative Research Methods 31. Sage Publications.

28. Gilmore A (2005) Tobacco and Transition: understanding the impact of transition on tobacco use and control in the former Soviet Union. PhD in Public Health Medicine. London: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Available: http://repositories.cdlib.org/tc/reports/SovietUnion/.

29. Watson WW (1971) Letter from Walter W Watson to AJI Jennings regarding samples of smokeless tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 100658182. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gub97a99. Accessed 19 Aug 2010.

30. (1978) Smokeless Tobacco Business Planning And Analysis. Philip Morris. Bates number 2025390507/2025390532. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tnz36e00. Accessed 28 Jun 2011.

31. CarpenterCM, ConnollyGN, Ayo-YusufOA, WayneGF (2009) Developing smokeless tobacco products for smokers: an examination of tobacco industry documents. Tobacco Control 18: 54–59.

32. (1981) Smokeless Tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552282-301552292. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hxf18a99. Accessed 08 Jul 2010.

33. (1981) Smokeless Tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552644-301552679. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/arn08a99. Accessed 08 Jul 2010.

34. Ajij (1972) Project Penzance: Estimated Breakdown of Marketing Research Budget. British American Tobacco. Bates number 100006724. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rud34a99 (accessed 19 Aug 2010).

35. Campbell D (2000) Case Study 4: BAT Industries PLC in the 1980s and 1990s. In: Stonehouse G, Hamill J, Campbell D, Purdie T, editors. Global and Transnational Business: Strategy and Management. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

36. Skinner J (1987) History Booklet. British American Tobacco. Bates number 202032484-202032513. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xmt70a99. Accessed 04 Jul 2011.

37. Jennings AJI (1972) Smokeless Tobacco British American Tobacco. Bates number 100006764-100006765. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bvd34a99. Accessed 08 Jul 2010.

38. Fordyce W (1972) Smokeless Tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 100006810-100006811. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lvd34a99. Accessed 07 Nov 2011.

39. (1974) Marketing News: May 1974. British American Tobacco. Bates number 400953147-400953170. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bni64a99. Accessed 02 Aug 2011.

40. Short P (1978) Product and Process Innovation: Key Area for BAT Board Draft Guidelines & Strategies. British American Tobacco. Bates number 100566925-100566927. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uma37a99. Accessed 02 Nov 2011.

41. (1981) Smokeless Tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552567-301552573. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tzv28a99 (accessed 08 Jul 2010).

42. (1981) Smokeless Tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552562-301552566. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/szv28a99. Accessed 08 Jul 2010.

43. James R (1971) Wet snuffs. British American Tobacco. Bates number 103447470-103447472. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eoq85a99. Accessed 03 Aug 2011.

44. Fordyce WB (1973) New Products Committee. British American Tobacco. Bates number 100006982-100006986. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oyh65a99. Accessed 19 August 2010.

45. UK Department of Health (1998) Statistics on Smoking: England, 1976 to 1996. Statistical Bulletin 1998/25. 41 pp.

46. (1981) BAT Industries: Preliminary Results due Wednesday 29th April. British American Tobacco. Bates number 202009612-202009615. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kfj01a99. Accessed 08 Jul 2011.

47. Igh (1983) Smokeless Tobacco Meeting with US Tobacco Millbank, October 12, 1983. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552546-301552548. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mzv28a99. Accessed 08 Jul 2010.

48. (1972) The Lotus Project. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number USTC7462706-USTC7462711. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/upg45b00. Accessed 13 Jul 2010.

49. O'Grady TB (1973) Note from TB O'Grady to TD Pickett regarding Lotus project. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number USTC1300112-1300115. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sxf21b00. Accessed 28 Jul 2010.

50. Heath A (1984) Smokeless Tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301551981-301551985. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qtf18a99. Accessed 09 Nov 2011.

51. Hayward PM (1984) Smokeless Tobacco - Germany. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552344. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uwd38a99. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.

52. Hacking IG (1985) BAT Germany and Skoal Bandits. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552306. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tvd38a99. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.

53. Hacking IG (1985) USTCo and BATCF in the Federal Republic. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552315. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zvd38a99 (accessed 29 Jul 2010).

54. KozlowskiL, DreschelNA, StellmanSD, WilkenfeldJ, WeissEB, et al. (2005) An extremely compensatible cigarette by design: documentary evidence on industry awareness and reactions to the Barclay filter design cheating the tar testing system. Tobacco Control 14: 64–70.

55. Dreyer J (1985) [Letter from Joachim Dreyer to Nick Cannar regarding determination of nicotine content of cigarette]. British American Tobacco. Bates number 401058925-401058926. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fys24a99 (accessed 15 Aug 2011).

56. (1984) Clearance of Television Commercial. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number 4417492-4417496. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xpy71b00. Accessed 09 Sep 2011.

57. (1984) USTI Market Objectives. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552337-301552342. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/swd38a99. Accessed 15 Aug 2011.

58. (1984) BATCo: Press Cuttings. British American Tobacco. Bates number 105469572-105469579. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rwh57a99. Accessed 07 Sep 2011.

59. (1986) Tobacco Advertising and Sponsorship: The Next Three Years: Conference Report. British American Tobacco. Bates number 107349911-107349918. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sej66a99. Accessed 09 Sep 2011.

60. Africk J (1985) Letter from J Africk to Peter M Hayward regarding 1984 annual report. British American Tobacco. Bates number 301552311-301552314. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yvd38a99. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.

61. (0000) College Marketing Program. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number 3543364-3543371. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dfz11b00. Accessed 01 Aug 2012.

62. Coffey J (1983) US Tobacco: College Marketing Program [Letter from John Coffey to Steve Africk regarding negative aspects of smokeless tobacco]. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number 3294360. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mgn71b00. Accessed 01 Aug 2012.

63. (1984) US Tobacco College Marketing Program. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number 2197218-2197225. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gxg45b00. Accessed 01 Aug 2012.

64. (1982) International Division: USTI Planning Meeting Watch Hill August 1–4, 1982. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number USTC00121622-00121638. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/woe21b00. Accessed 07 Sep 2011.

65. Manning RA (1984) [Letter from Richard A Manning to Barry Slater regarding relationship between smokeless tobacco and oral cancer]. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number 2091614-2091616. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ssd81b00. Accessed 09 Sep 2011.

66. Grasso P (1984) [Letter from Paul Grasso to Barry Slater enclosing report entitled “Nitrosonornicotine and Smokeless Tobacco”]. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number 2054303-2054315. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/edz71b00. Accessed 09 Sep 2011.

67. Furst A (1984) [Letter from Arthur Furst to Barry Slater regarding testing for mutagenicity of Skoal Bandits]. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number 2091617-2091620. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/opn71b00. Accessed 09 Sep 2011.

68. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp0102.htm. Accessed 6 November 2011.

69. (1990) Notice of Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number USTC4217311-USTC4217407. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hgb46b00 (accessed 09 Sep 2011).

70. Raw M, White P, McNeill A (1990) Case Study 9: Skoal Bandits. Clearing the Air: A guide for action on tobacco. London: British Medican Association, on behalf of the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. pp. 100–112.

71. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Appendix 60: Appendix G: Oral snuff ban was imposed unfairly; Law report. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp0197.htm. (accessed 24 April 2012).

72. Kratovil ED (1987) STA/USTI International Letter. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number USTC4112118-USTC4112198. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tib46b00 (accessed 28 Jul 2010).

73. (1987) the European Community. Tobacco Institute. Bates number TI06351865-TI06351936. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xgr19b00 (accessed 16 Oct 2011).

74. High Court of Ireland (1987) Decisions: United States Tobacco International Inc & Anor v The Minister for Health & Ors [1987] IEHC 65 (7 September 1987). Available: http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/1987/1987_IEHC_65.html. Accessed 2 August 2012.

75. Gilmore A, McKee M (2004) Tobacco-Control Policy in the European Union. In: Feldman EA, Bayer R, editors. Unfiltered Conflicts over Tobacco Policy and Public Health: Harvard University Press. pp. 219–254.

76. Mandal S, Gilmore A, Collin J, Weishaar H, Smith K, et al.. (2012) Block, amend, delay: tobacco industry efforts to influence the European Union's Tobacco Products Directive (2001/37/EC). Smoke Free Partnership, Brussels. Available: http://www.smokefreepartnership.eu/news/block-amend-delay-tobacco-industry-efforts-influence-european-union%E2%80%99s-tobacco-products.

77. NeumanM, BittonA, GlantzS (2002) Tobacco industry strategies for influencing European Community tobacco advertising legislation. Lancet 359: 1323–1330.

78. Philip Morris International (2010) Philip Morris International's input to the public consultation on the possible revision of the Tobacco Products Directive 2001/37/EC. Available: http://www.pmi.com/eng/tobacco_regulation/submissions/documents/PMI_Input_to_public_consultation_on_tobacco_products_directive_with%20annexes_15_Dec_2010.pdf. Accessed 16 December 2011.

79. European Commission Health and Consumers Directorate-General Directorate D4- Substances of Human Origin and Tobacco Control (2012) Meeting with ESTOC, ECMA and ESTA, Brussels 19 December 2011 - Minutes. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/docs/ev_20111219_mi_en.pdf. Accessed 18 January 2012.

80. Japan Tobacco International (2010) DG SANCO's Consultation on the possible revision of the Tobacco Products Directive 2001/37/EC (TPD) JTI's Full Response 16 December 2010. Available: http://www.jti.com/how-we-do-business/key-regulatory-submissions/. Accessed 11 November 2011.

81. MaltaToday (18 November 2012) Swedish Match EC ‘lobbied’ on snus just days before Dalli resignation. Mediatoday. Available: http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/en/newsdetails/news/national/Swedish-Match-EC-lobbied-on-snus-just-days-before-Dalli-resignation-20121117. Accessed 22 November 2012.

82. Walter J (1989) Note from John Walter to Per Erik Lindqvist enclosing legal brief on “European Smokeless Tobacco Council”. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number USTC4322075-USTC4322087. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nac46b00. Accessed 28 Jul 2010.

83. (1989) Minutes of The General Assembly Meeting. US Smokeless Tobacco. Bates number USTC4441135-4441138. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qmg21b00. Accessed 28 Jul 2010.

84. Sargeant I (1991) Ceccm Executive Committee Meeting on 910514. Philip Morris. Bates number 2023237670B/2023237674. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qrf78e00. Accessed 26 Jul 2010.

85. NeumanM, BittonA, GlantzS (2002) Tobacco industry strategies for influencing European Community tobacco advertising legislation. Lancet (British edition) 359: 1323–1330.

86. British American Tobacco. Social Report 2005. Available from: http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO6RZGHL?opendocument&SKN=1. Accessed 15 August 2012.

87. Smokefree Partnership (2011) Smoke-free legislation in the EU. As of March 2011- update in progress. Available: http://www.smokefreepartnership.eu/Smoke-free-legislation-in-the-EU. Accessed 8 November 2011.

88. Euromonitor International (September 2012) Smokeless tobacco in Sweden. London.Available (by subscription) from: www.euromonitor.com Accessed 18 September 2012

89. Euromonitor International (August 2011) Smokeless Tobacco in Norway. London. 1–10 p. Available: http://www.euromonitor.com Accessed 2 October 2012.

90. Stratton K, et al. (2001) Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy Press.

91. Cookson C (5 April 2011) BAT aims to smoke out nicotine lovers who find cigarettes a drag. Financial Times, Companies & Markets section. Available: http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO8FLL93/FILE/medMD8FNE7K.pdf?openelement. Accessed 14 January 2012.

92. Thompson C (2 October 2012) BAT eyes smoking alternatives. BusinessDay: iafrica.com. Accessed 12 October 2012.

93. Philip Moris International (2011) Press Release 26 May 2011: Philip Morris International (PMI) Enters into a Patent Purchase Agreement of New Technology with the Potential to Reduce the Harm of Smoking. Available: http://investors.philipmorrisinternational.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=146476&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1568329&highlight=. Accessed 29 May 2011.

94. Lorillard (25 April 2012) Lorillard, Inc. Reports First Quarter 2012 Results and Acquisition of blu ecigs. Greensboro. Available: http://investors.lorillard.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=134955&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1687024&highlight=. Accessed 7 June 2012.

95. Altria (2012) Press Release 22 May 2012: Altria Subsidiary Nu Mark Introduces Unique New Tobacco Product. Available: http://www.altria. com/en/cms/company_announcements/announcement.aspx?src=home&reqId=1699083. Accessed 30 May 2012.

96. British American Tobacco (2012) News Release: British American Tobacco buys UK based e-cigarette technology company. Available: http://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__3MNFEN.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO935CVT?opendocument&SKN=1. Accessed 20 December 2012.

97. Euromonitor International (2012) Passport GMID Company Sweden Smokeless Tobacco Company Shares Historic Retail Volume. London. Available: http://www.euromonitor.com. Accessed 2 October 2012

98. Euromonitor International (2012) Passport GMID Company Norway Smokeless Tobacco Company Shares Historic Retail Volume. London. Available: http://www.euromonitor.com. Accessed 2 October 2012.

99. Camilleri LC (2008) Morgan Stanley Global Consumer and Retail Conference. New York: Philip Morris International.

100. GilmoreAB, SweanorD, BranstonR (2010) The case for OFSMOKE: how tobacco price regulation is needed to promote the health of markets, government revenue and the public. Tobacco Control 19: 423–430.

101. Waldemer H (2010) Webcast PMI Inc presents at Barclays Capital Back-to-School Consumer Conference 2010. Boston: Philip Morris International.

102. British American Tobacco (2011) Sustainability Report 2010. Available: http://www.bat.com/groupfs/sites/BAT_89HK76.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO7QJMQZ?opendocument&SKN=1. Accessed 23 August 2011.

103. British American Tobacco (2012) Sustainability Report 2011. London.

104. Calantzopoulos A (2012) PMI Investor Day. Lausanne: Philip Morris International.

105. O'Reilly D (2011) BAT Investor Day. Harm reduction. Hampshire: British American Tobacco.

106. Camilleri LC (2011) Morgan Stanley Consumer Conference and Retail Conference. New York: Philip Morris International.

107. PeetersS, EvansK (2012) Russia: snus targeted at young & wealthy (news analysis). Tobacco Control 21: 456–457.

108. BurrittC (16 March 2010) Swedish Match Targets Wall Street Smokers with Snus Tobacco. Bloomberg online news Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDwD6ER.R4_Y. Accessed 17 November 2011.

109. MeijaAB, LingPM (2010) Tobacco Industry Consumer Research on Smokeless Tobacco Users and Product Development. Am J Public Health 100: 78–87.

110. TomarSL, AlpertHR, ConnollyGN (2010) Patterns of dual use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among U.S. males: findings from national surveys. Tobacco Control 19: 104–109.

111. TomarSL (2002) Snuff Use and Smoking in U.S. Men Implications for Harm Reduction. Am J Prev Med 23: 143–149.

112. TomarSL, ConnollyGN, WilkenfeldJ, HenningfieldJE (2003) Declining smoking in Sweden: is Swedish Match getting the credit for Swedish tobacco control's efforts? Tobacco Control 12: 368–371.

113. SeversonHH, ForresterKK, BiglanA (2007) Use of smokeless tobacco is a risk factor for cigarette smoking. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 9: 1331–1337.

114. BahreinifarS, SheonNM, LingPM (4 October 2011) Is snus the same as dip? Smokers' perceptions of new smokeless tobacco advertising. Tobacco Control Online First doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050022

115. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (February 2008) Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Products. Brussels: European Commission.Available: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_013.pdf.

116. GartnerCE, HallWD, VosT, BertramMY, WallaceAL, et al. (2007) Assessment of Swedish snus for tobacco harm reduction: an epidemiological modelling study. Lancet 369: 2010–2014.

117. Mejia AdrienneB, Ling PamelaM, Glantz StantonA (2010) Quantifying the effects of promoting smokeless tobacco as a harm reduction strategy in the USA. Tobacco Control 19: 297–305.

118. UK Department of Health (9 March 2011) Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications?keywords=&publication_filter_option=all&topics%5B%5D=all&departments%5B%5D=department-of-health.

119. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2012) Tobacco harm reduction: draft guidance. Available: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PHG/52/Consultation/Latest. Accessed 26 November 2012.

120. Royal College of Physicians (2002) Protecting smokers, saving lives. The case for a tobacco and nicotine regulatory authority. London. Available: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/publications/protecting-smokers-saving-lives.

121. World Health Organization (2008) Guidelines for implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Available: http://www.who.int/fctc/protocol/guidelines/adopted/article_5_3/en/index.html. Accessed 26 November 2012.

122. TNS Opinion & Social (2012) Special Eurobarometer 385: Attitudes of Europeans towards Tobacco. Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumers. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/health/eurobarometers/index_en.htm.

123. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M (1994) Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

124. BatesC, FagerstromK, JarvisMJ, KunzeM, McNeillA, et al. (2003) European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health. Tobacco Control 12: 360–367.

125. FouldsJ, RamstromL, BurkeM, FagerstromK (2003) Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tobacco Control 12: 349–359.

126. Wamala S (2009) Free trade of Swedish moist snuff in the EU: Reflections from the Swedish National Institute of Public Health. Available: http://www.fhi.se/Documents/Aktuellt/Nyheter/SNIPH%20response%20to%20snuff.pdf.

127. HolmL, FiskerJ, PuskaP, HalldorssonM (2009) Snus does not save lives; Quitting smoking does!. Tobacco Control 18: 250–251.

128. Hencke D (20 October 1994) Tory MPs were paid to plant questions says Harrods chief. The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1994/oct/20/hamiltonvalfayed.davidhencke. Accessed 2 August 2012

129. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Appendix 60: Letter from Mr Michael Brown MP to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp0191.htm. Accessed 8 November 2011.

130. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Appendix 33: Mr Neil Hamilton's written submission, appendix 7 Commission Payments. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp0163.htm. Accessed 8 November 2011.

131. (1988) Government Takes Action Against Oral Tobacco. British American Tobacco. Bates number 401324962-401324963. Available: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cyq45a99 Accessed 15 Aug 2011.

132. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Appendix 100: Letter From Mrs Edwina Currie MP to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp01140.htm. Accessed 7 November 2011.

133. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Appendix 102: Extract from letter from the Rt Hon David Mellor QC, MP to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp01142.htm. Accessed 6 November 2011.

134. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Appendix 101: Letter from the Rt Hon Kenneth Clarke QC, MP to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp01141.htm. Accessed 7 November 2011.

135. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report. Appendix 34: Statement of Mr Neil Hamilton MP. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030ii/sp0164.htm. Accessed 8 November 2011.

136. Hansard HC (1997) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges First Report Volume I. Chapter 6b: Allegations relating to non-restration of interests-Mr Brown. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/030i/sp0130.htm. Accessed 6 November 2011.

137. The Council of the European Union (2002) Council Recommendation of 2 December 2002 on the prevention of smoking and on initiatives to improve tobacco control (2003/54/EC). Official Journal of the European Communities L22/31.