Underweight, Markers of Cachexia, and Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Cohort Study of Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries

1. Aronson D, Nassar M, Goldberg T, Kapeliovich M, Hammerman H, Azzam ZS. The impact of body mass index on clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2010;145:476–480. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.12.029 20096942

2. Kang WY, Jeong MH, Ahn YK, Kim JH, Chae SC, Kim YJ, et al. Obesity paradox in Korean patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Cardiol. 2010;55:84–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.10.004 20122553

3. Kragelund C, Hassager C, Hildebrandt P, Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L. Impact of obesity on long-term prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2005;98:123–131. 15676176

4. Lazzeri C, Valente S, Chiostri M, Attana P, Picariello C, Sorini Dini C, et al. Impact of age on the prognostic value of body mass index in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23:205–211. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.05.013 22901842

5. O’Brien EC, Fosbol EL, Peng SA, Alexander KP, Roe MT, Peterson ED. Association of body mass index and long-term outcomes in older patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: results from the CRUSADE Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7:102–109. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000421 24326936

6. Witassek F, Schwenkglenks M, Erne P, Radovanovic D. Impact of body mass index on mortality in Swiss hospital patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: does an obesity paradox exist? Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w13986. doi: 10.4414/smw.2014.13986 25102276

7. Angeras O, Albertsson P, Karason K, Ramunddal T, Matejka G, James S, et al. Evidence for obesity paradox in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:345–353. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs217 22947610

8. Niedziela J, Hudzik B, Niedziela N, Gasior M, Gierlotka M, Wasilewski J, et al. The obesity paradox in acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29:801–812. doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9961-9 25354991

9. Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Milani RV. Healthy obese versus unhealthy lean: the obesity paradox. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11:55–62. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.165 25265977

10. Kennedy LM, Dickstein K, Anker SD, Kristianson K, Willenheimer R. The prognostic importance of body mass index after complicated myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;45:154–164.

11. Hastie CE, Padmanabhan S, Slack R, Pell AC, Oldroyd KG, Flapan AD, et al. Obesity paradox in a cohort of 4880 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:222–226. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp317 19687163

12. Rea TD, Heckbert SR, Kaplan RC, Psaty BM, Smith NL, Lemaitre RN, et al. Body mass index and the risk of recurrent coronary events following acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:467–472. 11524051

13. Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:793–799. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013 18718696

14. Anker SD, Sharma R. The syndrome of cardiac cachexia. Int J Cardiol. 2002;85:51–66. 12163209

15. von Haehling S, Anker SD. Prevalence, incidence and clinical impact of cachexia: facts and numbers-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:261–263. doi: 10.1007/s13539-014-0164-8 25384990

16. Engelman DT, Adams DH, Byrne JG, Aranski SF, Collins JJ, Couper GS, et al. Impact of body mass index and albumin on morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;118:866–873. 10534692

17. Martin L, Birdsell L, Macdonald N, Reiman T, Clandinin MT, McCargar LJ, et al. Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1539–1547. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.45.2722 23530101

18. Pausch T, Hartwig W, Hinz U, Swolana T, Bundy BD, Hackert T, et al. Cachexia but not obesity worsens the postoperative outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy in pancreatic cancer. Surgery. 2012;152:S81–S88. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.05.028 22770957

19. Schols AM, Broekhuizen R, Weling-Scheepers CA, Wouters EF. Body composition and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:53–59. 16002800

20. Wallengren O, Lundholm K, Bosaeus I. Diagnostic criteria of cancer cachexia: relation to quality of life, exercise capacity and survival in unselected palliative care patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:1569–1577. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1697-z 23314651

21. Springer J, Filippatos G, Akashi YJ, Anker SD. Prognosis and therapy approaches of cardiac cachexia. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006;21:229–233. 16601462

22. QuBaiah O, Morley JE. Pathophysiology of cachexia in the elderly. In: Mantovani G, Anker G, Inui A, Morley JE, Fanelli R, Scevola D, et al, editors. Cachexia and wasting: a modern approach. New York City: Springer Science and Business Media; 2007. pp. 383–395.

23. Marciniak TA, Ellerbeck EF, Radford MJ, Kresowik TF, Gold JA, Krumholz HM, et al. Improving the quality of care for Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA. 1998;279:1351–1357. 9582042

24. Ramunno LD, Dodds TA, Traven ND. Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (CCP) quality improvement in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Eval Health Prof. 1998;21:442–460. 10351558

25. Studenski S, Hayes RP, Leibowitz RQ, Bode R, Lavery L, Walston J, et al. Clinical Global Impression of Change in Physical Frailty: development of a measure based on clinical judgment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1560–1566. 15341562

26. Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, McDowell I, Hebert R, Hogan DB. A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 1999;353:205–206. 9923878

27. Rolfson DB, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Tahir A, Rockwood K. Validity and reliability of the Edmonton Frail Scale. Age Ageing. 2006;35:526–529. 16757522

28. Cacciatore F, Abete P, Mazzella F, Viati L, Della Morte D, D’Ambrosio D, et al. Frailty predicts long-term mortality in elderly subjects with chronic heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005;35:723–730. 16313247

29. Bielderman A, van der Schans CP, van Lieshout MJ, de Greef MHG, Boersma F, Krijnen WP, et al. Multidimensional structure of the Groningen Frailty Indicator in community-dwelling older people. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:86. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-86 23968433

30. Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx WG, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM. The Tilburg Frailty Indicator: psychometric properties. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11:344–355. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.11.003 20511102

31. Heinzl H, Kaider A. Gaining more flexibilty in Cox proportional hazards models with cubic spline functions. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1997;54:201–208. 9421665

32. RCS: gaining more flexibility in Cox proportional hazards regression models with cubic spline functions. [cited 21 Mar 2016]. Vienna: Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems. Available: http://cemsiis.meduniwien.ac.at/kb/wf/software/statistische-software/rcs/.

33. Steinberg BA, Cannon CP, Hernandez AF, Pan W, Peterson ED, Fonarow GC. Medical therapies and invasive treatments for coronary artery disease by body mass: the “obesity paradox” in the Get With The Guidelines database. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:1331–1335. 17950785

34. Byrne J, Spence MS, Fretz E, Mildenberger R, Chase A, Berry B, et al. Body mass index, periprocedural bleeding, and outcome following percutaneous coronary intervention (from the British Columbia Cardiac Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:507–511. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.10.027 19195511

35. Diercks DB, Roe MT, Mulgund J, Pollack CV, Kirk JD, Gibler WB, et al. The obesity paradox in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines Quality Improvement Initiative. Am Heart J. 2006;152:140–148. 16824844

36. Sharma A, Vallakati A, Einstein AJ, Lavie CJ, Arbab-Zadeh A, Lopez-Jimenes F, et al. Relationship of body mass index with total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and myocardial infarction after coronary revascularization: evidence from a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:1080–1100. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.04.020 25039038

37. Reeves BC, Ascione R, Chamberlain MH, Angelini GD. Effect of body mass index on early outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:668–676. 12932599

38. Shirzad M, Karimi A, Armadi SH, Marzban M, Abbasi K, Alinejad B, et al. Effects of body mass index on early outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery. Minerva Chir. 2009;64:17–23. 19202532

39. Boss GR, Seegmiller JE. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med. 1981;135:434–440. 7336713

40. Cheitlin MD. Cardiovascular physiology—changes with aging. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003;12:9–13. 12502909

41. Goldspink DF. Ageing and activity: their effects on the functional reserve capacities of the heart and vascular smooth and skeletal muscles. Ergonomics. 2005;48:1334–1351. 16338704

42. Aoyagi T, Terracina KP, Raza A, Matsubara H, Takabe K. Cancer cachexia, mechanism and treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;7:17–29. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i4.17 25897346

43. Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Alpert MA, Mehra MR, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Obesity paradox, cachexia, frailty, and heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2014;10:319–326. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2013.12.002 24656108

44. Khajuria V, Gupta S, Rani N, Raina V. Pharmacotherapy of cachexia. JK Sci. 2014;16:98–100.

45. Fadl YY, Krumholz HM, Kosiborod M, Masoudi FA, Peterson PN, Reid KJ, et al. Predictors of weight change in overweight patients with myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2007;154:711–717. 17892997

46. Kennedy LM, Dickstein K, Anker SD, James M, Cook TJ, Kristianson K, et al. Weight-change as a prognostic marker in 12,550 patients following acute myocardial infarction or with stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2755–2762. 16891382

47. Lopez-Jimenez F, Wu CO, Tian X, O’Connor C, Rich MW, Burg MM, et al. Weight change after myocardial infarction—the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease patients (ENRICHD) experience. Am Heart J. 2008;155:478–484. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.10.026 18294480

48. Carpenter J, Bartlett J, Kenward M. Introduction to missing data. [cited 21 Mar 2016]. London: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Available: http://missingdata.lshtm.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=7&Itemid=96.