Internet-accessed sexually transmitted infection (e-STI) testing and results service: A randomised, single-blind, controlled trial

1. World Health Organization. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/.

2. Public Health England. Table 1: STI diagnoses & rates in England by gender, 2007–2016. London: Public Health England; 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 22]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/626359/2016_Table_1_STI_diagnoses___rates_in_England_by_gender.pdf.

3. Public Health England. HIV: annual data tables. National HIV surveillance data tables. No. 1: 2017. London: Public Health England; 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hiv-annual-data-tables.

4. Public Health England. Sexually transmitted infections and chlamydia screening in England, 2016. Health Protection Report. Volume 11 Number 20. London: Public Health England; 2017 Jun 9 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/617025/Health_Protection_Report_STIs_NCSP_2017.pdf.

5. Holmes KT, Sparling PF, Stamm WE, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, Corey L, et al., editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.

6. Mocroft A, Lundgren JD, Sabin ML, Monforte AdA, Brockmeyer N, Casabona J, et al. Risk factors and outcomes for late presentation for hiv-positive persons in europe: results from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe Study (COHERE). PLoS Med. 2013;10(9):e1001510. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001510 24137103

7. Department of Health. A framework for sexual health improvement in England. London: Department of Health; 2013 Mar [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/a-framework-for-sexual-health-improvement-in-england.

8. World Health Organization. Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections, 2016–2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/ghss-stis/en/.

9. Sonnenberg P, Clifton S, Beddows S, Field N, Soldan K, Tanton C, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal). Lancet. 382(9907):1795–806. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61947-9 24286785

10. Kirwan PD, Chau C, Gil ON, Delpech VC, Aghaizu A, et al. HIV in the UK—2016 report. London: Public Health England; 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/602942/HIV_in_the_UK_report.pdf.

11. Minichiello V, Rahman S, Dune T, Scott J, Dowsett G. E-health: potential benefits and challenges in providing and accessing sexual health services. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):790.

12. Burns K, Keating P, Free C. A systematic review of randomised control trials of sexual health interventions delivered by mobile technologies. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):778. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3408-z 27514851

13. Woodhall SC, Sile B, Talebi A, Nardone A, Baraitser P. Internet testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in England, 2006 to 2010. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1095. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1095 23253518

14. Harding-Esch EM, Hollis E, Mohammed H, Saunders JM. Self-sampling and self-testing for STIs and HIV: the case for consistent nomenclature. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(2):445–448. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052841 27811311

15. Hottes TS, Farrell J, Bondyra M, Haag D, Shoveller J, Gilbert M. Internet-based HIV and sexually transmitted infection testing in British Columbia, Canada: opinions and expectations of prospective clients. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(2):e41. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1948 22394997

16. Lorimer K, McDaid L. Young men’s views toward the barriers and facilitators of internet-based chlamydia trachomatis screening: qualitative study. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(12):e265. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2628 24300158

17. Baraitser P, Syred J, Spencer-Hughes V, Howroyd C, Free C, Holdsworth G. How online sexual health services could work; generating theory to support development. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:540. doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-1200-x 26637295

18. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Public Health England. HIV testing: increasing uptake among people who may have undiagnosed HIV. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2016 Dec [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng60/resources/hiv-testing-increasing-uptake-among-people-who-may-have-undiagnosed-hiv-1837567043269.

19. Public Health England. Internet-based chlamydia screening: guidance for commissioning. London: Public Health England; 2015 Mar [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/413834/Internet_based_chlamydia_screening.pdf.

20. Blake DR, Spielberg F, Levy V, Lensing S, Wolff PA, Venkatasubramanian L, et al. Could home STI specimen collection with e-prescription be a cost-effective strategy for clinical trials and clinical care? Sex Transm Dis. 2015;42(1):13–9. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000221 25504295

21. Klamydia.se. 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.klamydia.se/.

22. IWTK. About IWTK. 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.iwantthekit.org/about/.

23. SHine SA. Get checked now. 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: http://www.getcheckednow.com.au/get-checked.

24. Santé Publique France. Chlamydia. 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: http://www.info-ist.fr/savoir/.

25. BC Centre for Disease Control. Get checked online. 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://getcheckedonline.com/Pages/default.aspx.

26. Preventx. Freetest.me. 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.freetest.me/.

27. Wilson E, Free C, Morris TP, Kenward MG, Syred J, Baraitser P. Can internet-based sexual health services increase diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections (STI)? Protocol for a randomized evaluation of an internet-based STI testing and results service. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016;5(1):e9. doi: 10.2196/resprot.4094 26772143

28. Wilson E, Free C, Morris PT, Syred J, Baraitser P. Addendum to: Can internet-based sexual health services increase diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections (STI)? Protocol for a randomized evaluation of an internet-based STI testing and results service. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016;5(3):e141. doi: 10.2196/resprot.6280 27783558

29. Edwards P, Roberts I, Clarke M, DiGuiseppi C, Pratap S, Wentz R, et al. Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review. BMJ. 2002;324(7347):1183. 12016181

30. National Chlamydia Screening Programme. Tables 1–4: chlamydia testing data for 15–24 year olds in England, January to December 2012. London: National Chlamydia Screening Programme; 2012 [cited 2015 Apr 29]. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150505151027/http://www.chlamydiascreening.nhs.uk/ps/resources/data-tables/CTAD%20Tables%20annual%202012%20republished%20for%20publication_FINAL13062014.xls.

31. Free C, Knight R, Robertson S, Whittaker R, Edwards P, Zhou W, et al. Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): a single-blind, randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):49–55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60701-0 21722952

32. Williamson EJ, Forbes A, White IR. Variance reduction in randomised trials by inverse probability weighting using the propensity score. Stat Med. 2014;33(5):721–37. doi: 10.1002/sim.5991 24114884

33. Rubin D. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley and Sons; 1987.

34. Department for Communities and Local Government. The English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015—guidance. London: Department for Communities and Local Government; 2015 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464430/English_Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation_2015_-_Guidance.pdf.

35. Royston P, Parmar MKB. The use of restricted mean survival time to estimate the treatment effect in randomized clinical trials when the proportional hazards assumption is in doubt. Stat Med. 2011;30(19):2409–21. doi: 10.1002/sim.4274 21611958

36. British HIV Association, British Association of Sexual Health and HIV, British Infection Society. UK national guidelines for HIV testing 2008. London: British HIV Association; 2008 Sep [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.bashhguidelines.org/media/1067/1838.pdf.

37. Public Health England. National chlamydia screening programme standards (seventh edition). Updated October 2016. London: Public Health England; 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/574351/NCSP_Standards_7th_edition.pdf.

38. Bailey VJ, Pavlou M, Copas A, McCarthy O, Carswell K, Rait G, et al. The Sexunzipped Trial: optimizing the design of online randomized controlled trials. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(12):e278. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2668 24334216

39. Southwark Council. Southwark demographic factsheet. London: Southwark Council; 2015 May [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.southwark.gov.uk/assets/attach/2653/Demographic%20factsheet.pdf.

40. Lambeth Council. Lambeth demographic factsheet. London: Lambeth Council; 2015 May [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ssh-lambeth-demography-2015.pdf.

41. Bell ML, Kenward MG, Fairclough DL, Horton NJ. Differential dropout and bias in randomised controlled trials: when it matters and when it may not. BMJ. 2013;346:e8668. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8668 23338004

42. Carpenter J, Kenward M. Missing data in randomised controlled trials—a practical guide. Birmingham: Health Technology Assessment Methodology Programme; 2007.

43. Chai S, Aumakhan B, Barnes M, Jett-Goheen M, Quinn N, Agreda P, et al. Internet-based screening for sexually transmitted infections to reach nonclinic populations in the community: risk factors for infection in men. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37(12):756–63. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e3d771 20644498

44. Ladd J, Hsieh Y-H, Barnes M, Quinn N, Jett-Goheen M, Gaydos CA. Female users of internet-based screening for rectal STIs: descriptive statistics and correlates of positivity. Sex Trans Infect. 2014;90(6):485–90.

45. Kersaudy-Rahib D, Lydié N, Leroy C, March L, Bébéar C, Arwidson P, et al. Chlamyweb Study II: a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of an online offer of home-based Chlamydia trachomatis sampling in France. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(3):188–95. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052510 28377422

46. Fajardo-Bernal L, Aponte-Gonzalez J, Vigil P, Angel-Muller E, Rincon C, Gaitan HG, et al. Home-based versus clinic-based specimen collection in the management of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;9:CD011317.

47. World Health Organization. Guideline on self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 Dec [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251655/1/9789241549868-eng.pdf?ua=1.

48. Robertson R, Wenzel L, Thompson J, Charles A. Understanding NHS financial pressures. How are they affecting patient care? London: The King’s Fund; 2017 Mar.

49. Cleary M, O’Sullivan J. P145 London sexual health transformation programme. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(Suppl 1):A64–5.