#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Estimating the impact of antiretroviral treatment on adult mortality trends in South Africa: A mathematical modelling study


Leigh Johnson and colleagues model the HIV epidemic in South Africa, using national level health statistics as inputs, to estimate the number of deaths avoided and extra years of life gained due to antiretroviral programs.


Vyšlo v časopise: Estimating the impact of antiretroviral treatment on adult mortality trends in South Africa: A mathematical modelling study. PLoS Med 14(12): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002468
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002468

Souhrn

Leigh Johnson and colleagues model the HIV epidemic in South Africa, using national level health statistics as inputs, to estimate the number of deaths avoided and extra years of life gained due to antiretroviral programs.


Zdroje

1. Statistics South Africa. Mortality and causes of death in South Africa, 2014: findings from death notification. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa; 2015 [cited 2016 Mar 13]. Available from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03093/P030932014.pdf.

2. Bradshaw D, Msemburi W, Dorrington R, Pillay-van Wyk V, Laubscher R, Groenewald P. HIV/AIDS in South Africa: how many people died from the disease between 1997 and 2010? AIDS. 2016;30:771–8. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000947 26509830

3. Dorrington R, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R. Rapid mortality surveillance report 2012. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2014 [cited 2014 Apr 21]. Available from: http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod/RapidMortalitySurveillanceReport2012.pdf.

4. Pillay-van Wyk V, Msemburi W, Laubscher R, Dorrington RE, Groenewald P, Glass T, et al. Mortality trends and differentials in South Africa from 1997 to 2012: second National Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4:e642–53. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30113-9 27539806

5. Reniers G, Slaymaker E, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Nyamukapa C, Crampin AC, Herbst K, et al. Mortality trends in the era of antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the Network for Analysing Longitudinal Population based HIV/AIDS data on Africa (ALPHA). AIDS. 2014;28(Suppl 4):S533–42. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000496 25406756

6. Jahn A, Floyd S, Crampin AC, Mwaungulu F, Mvula H, Munthali F, et al. Population-level effect of HIV on adult mortality and early evidence of reversal after introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Malawi. Lancet. 2008;371:1603–11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60693-5 18468544

7. Stoneburner R, Korenromp E, Lazenby M, Tassie JM, Letebele J, Motlapele D, et al. Using health surveillance systems data to assess the impact of AIDS and antiretroviral treatment on adult morbidity and mortality in Botswana. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e100431. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100431 25003870

8. Asiki G, Reniers G, Newton R, Baisley K, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Slaymaker E, et al. Adult life expectancy trends in the era of antiretroviral treatment in rural Uganda (1991–2012). AIDS. 2016;30:487–93. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000930 26765939

9. Johnson LF, Hallett TB, Rehle TM, Dorrington RE. The effect of changes in condom usage and antiretroviral treatment coverage on HIV incidence in South Africa: a model-based analysis. J Roy Soc Interface. 2012;9:1544–54. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0826 22258551

10. Nagelkerke NJ, Arora P, Jha P, Williams B, McKinnon L, de Vlas SJ. The rise and fall of HIV in high-prevalence countries: a challenge for mathematical modeling. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10(3):e1003459. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003459 24626088

11. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2013 [cited 2014 Apr 13]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf.

12. Payne R, Muenchhoff M, Mann J, Roberts HE, Matthews P, Adland E, et al. Impact of HLA-driven HIV adaptation on virulence in populations of high HIV seroprevalence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:E5393–400. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413339111 25453107

13. Blanquart F, Grabowski MK, Herbeck J, Nalugoda F, Serwadda D, Eller MA, et al. A transmission-virulence evolutionary trade-off explains attenuation of HIV-1 in Uganda. Elife. 2016;5:e20492. doi: 10.7554/eLife.20492 27815945

14. Yiannoutsos CT, Johnson LF, Boulle A, Musick BS, Gsponer T, Balestre E, et al. Estimated mortality of adult HIV-infected patients starting treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88(Suppl 2):i33–43. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050658 23172344

15. May MT, Hogg RS, Justice AC, Shepherd BE, Costagliola D, Ledergerber B, et al. Heterogeneity in outcomes of treated HIV-positive patients in Europe and North America: relation with patient and cohort characteristics. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:1807–20. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys164 23148105

16. Boulle A, Schomaker M, May MT, Hogg RS, Shepherd BE, Monge S, et al. Mortality in patients with HIV-1 infection starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa, Europe, or North America: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. PLoS Med. 2014;11(9):e1001718. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001718 25203931

17. Braitstein P, Brinkof MW, Dabis F, Schechter M, Boulle A, Miotti P, et al. Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet. 2006;367:817–24. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68337-2 16530575

18. Stover J, Brown T, Marston M. Updates to the Spectrum/Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) model to estimate HIV trends for adults and children. Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88(Suppl 2):i11–6. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050640 23172341

19. Johnson LF, Chiu C, Myer L, Davies MA, Dorrington RE, Bekker LG, et al. Prospects for HIV control in South Africa: a model-based analysis. Glob Health Action. 2016;9:30314. doi: 10.3402/gha.v9.30314 27282146

20. Brinkhof MW, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Egger M. Mortality of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(6):e5790. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005790 19495419

21. Setel PW, Macfarlane SB, Szreter S, Mikkelsen L, Jha P, Stout S, et al. A scandal of invisibility: making everyone count by counting everyone. Lancet. 2007;370:1569–77. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61307-5 17992727

22. Johnson LF, Dorrington RE, Laubscher R, Hoffmann CJ, Wood R, Fox MP, et al. A comparison of death recording by health centres and civil registration in South Africans receiving antiretroviral treatment. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:20628. doi: 10.7448/IAS.18.1.20628 26685125

23. Dorrington RE, Bradshaw D. Maternal mortality in South Africa: lessons from a case study in the use of deaths reported by households in censuses and surveys. J Pop Res. 2011;28:49–73. doi: 10.1007/s12546-011-9050-9

24. Dorrington RE, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Nannan N. Rapid mortality surveillance report 2015. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2016 [cited 2017 Jan 23]. Available from: http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod/RapidMortalitySurveillanceReport2015.pdf.

25. Statistics South Africa. Mortality and causes of death in South Africa, 2011: findings from death notification. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa; 2014 [cited 2014 Apr 15]. Available from: http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03093/P030932011.pdf.

26. Egger M, Ekouevi DK, Williams C, Lyamuya RE, Mukumbi H, Braitstein P, et al. Cohort profile: the international epidemiological databases to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:1256–64. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr080 21593078

27. Nattrass N. AIDS and the scientific governance of medicine in post-apartheid South Africa. Afr Aff (Lond). 2008;107:157–76.

28. Johnson LF, Dorrington RE, Moolla H. Progress towards the 2020 targets for HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med. 2017;18:a694. doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v18i1.694

29. Hansmann A, Schim van der Loeff MF, Kaye S, Awasana AA, Sarge-Njie R, O’Donovan D, et al. Baseline plasma viral load and CD4 cell percentage predict survival in HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected women in a community-based cohort in the Gambia. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 2005;38:335–41.

30. Lavreys L, Baeten JM, Chohan V, McClelland RS, Hassan WM, Richardson BA, et al. Higher set point plasma viral load and more-severe acute HIV type 1 (HIV-1) illness predict mortality among high-risk HIV-1-infected African women. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1333–9. doi: 10.1086/503258 16586394

31. O’Brien TR, Rosenberg PS, Yellin F, Goedert JJ. Longitudinal HIV-1 RNA levels in a cohort of homosexual men. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 1998;18:155–61.

32. Hughes JP, Baeten JM, Lingappa JR, Magaret AS, Wald A, de Bruyn G, et al. Determinants of per-coital-act HIV-1 infectivity among African HIV-1-serodiscordant couples. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:358–65. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir747 22241800

33. Quinn T, Wawer M, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:921–9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200003303421303 10738050

34. Fideli US, Allen SA, Musonda R, Trask S, Hahn BH, Weiss H, et al. Virologic and immunologic determinants of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2001;17:901–10. doi: 10.1089/088922201750290023 11461676

35. Todd J, Glynn JR, Marston M, Lutalo T, Biraro S, Mwita W, et al. Time from HIV seroconversion to death: a collaborative analysis of eight studies in six low and middle-income countries before highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2007;21(Suppl 6):S55–63.

36. Glynn JR, Sonnenberg P, Nelson G, Bester A, Shearer S, Murray J. Survival from HIV-1 seroconversion in Southern Africa: a retrospective cohort study in nearly 2000 gold-miners over 10 years of follow-up. AIDS. 2007;21:625–32. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328017f857 17314525

37. Eligibility for ART in Lower Income Countries (eART-linc) Collaboration, Wandel S, Egger M, Rangsin R, Nelson KE, Costello C, et al. Duration from seroconversion to eligibility for antiretroviral therapy and from ART eligibility to death in adult HIV-infected patients from low and middle-income countries: collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(Suppl i):i31–6.

38. Time from HIV-1 seroconversion to AIDS and death before widespread use of highly-active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative re-analysis. Collaborative Group on AIDS Incubation and HIV Survival including the CASCADE EU Concerted Action. Concerted Action on SeroConversion to AIDS and Death in Europe. Lancet. 2000;355:1131–7. 10791375

39. Isingo R, Zaba B, Marston M, Ndege M, Mngara J, Mwita M, et al. Survival after HIV infection in the pre-antiretroviral therapy era in a rural Tanzanian cohort. AIDS. 2007;21(Suppl 6):S5–13. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000299405.06658.a8 18032939

40. Hogg RS, Strathdee SA, Craib KJ, O’Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS, Schechter MT. Lower socioeconomic status and shorter survival following HIV infection. Lancet. 1994;344:1120–4. 7934494

41. Pezzotti P, Phillips AN, Dorrucci M, Lepri AC, Galai N, Vlahov D, et al. Category of exposure to HIV and age in the progression to AIDS: longitudinal study of 1199 people with known dates of seroconversion. BMJ. 1996;313:583–6. 8806246

42. Herbeck JT, Müller V, Maust BS, Ledergerber B, Torti C, Giambenedetto S, et al. Is the virulence of HIV changing? A meta-analysis of trends in prognostic markers of HIV disease progression and transmission. AIDS. 2012;26:193–205. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834db418 22089381

43. Touloumi G, Pantazis N, Pillay D, Paraskevis D, Chaix ML, Bucher HC, et al. Impact of HIV-1 subtype on CD4 count at HIV seroconversion, rate of decline, and viral load set point in European seroconverter cohorts. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:888–97. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis1000 23223594

44. Pantazis N, Porter K, Costagliola D, De Luca A, Ghosn J, Guiguet M, et al. Temporal trends in prognostic markers of HIV-1 virulence and transmissibility: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2014;1:e119–26. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(14)00002-2 26424120

45. Boulle A, Bock P, Osler M, Cohen K, Channing L, Hilderbrand K, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and early mortality in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:678–87. doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.045294 18797643

46. Adam MA, Johnson LF. Estimation of adult antiretroviral treatment coverage in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2009;99:661–7. 20073293

47. Küstner H, Swanevelder J, van Middelkoop A. National HIV surveillance—South Africa, 1990–1992. S Afr Med J. 1994;84:195–9. 7974040

48. Pettifor AE, Hudgens MG, Levandowski BA, Rees HV, Cohen MS. Highly efficient HIV transmission to young women in South Africa. AIDS. 2007;21:861–5. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280f00fb3 17415041

49. Auvert B, Ballard R, Campbell C, Caraël M, Carton M, Fehler G, et al. HIV infection in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour. AIDS. 2001;15:885–98. 11399961

50. Mahiane SG, Legeai C, Taljaard D, Latouche A, Puren A, Peillon A, et al. Transmission probabilities of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2, effect of male circumcision and interaction: a longitudinal study in a township of South Africa. AIDS. 2009;23:377–83. 19198042

51. Baeten JM, Richardson BA, Lavreys L, Rakwar JP, Mandaliya K, Bwayo JJ, et al. Female-to-male infectivity of HIV-1 among circumcised and uncircumcised Kenyan men. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:546–53. doi: 10.1086/427656 15655778

52. Johnson LF, Mossong J, Dorrington RE, Schomaker M, Hoffmann CJ, Keiser O, et al. Life expectancies of South African adults starting antiretroviral treatment: collaborative analysis of cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2013;10(4):e1001418. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001418 23585736

53. Dorrington RE, Moultrie TA, Timæus IM. Estimation of mortality using the South African Census 2001 data. CARe Monograph 11. Cape Town: Centre for Actuarial Research; 2004 [cited 2015 Dec 3]. Available from: http://www.commerce.uct.ac.za/Research_Units/CARE/Monographs/Monographs/Mono11.pdf.

54. Shisana O, Rehle T, Simbayi LC, Zuma K, Jooste S, Zungu N, et al. South African national HIV prevalence, incidence, and behaviour survey, 2012. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council; 2014 [cited 2014 Apr 16]. Available from: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/research-outputs/view/6871.

55. Raftery AE, Bao L. Estimating and projecting trends in HIV/AIDS generalized epidemics using incremental mixture importance sampling. Biometrics. 2010;66:1162–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2010.01399.x 20222935

56. World Health Organization. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach—2003 revision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004 [cited 2004 Sep 13]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/arvrevision2003en.pdf.

57. World Health Organization. Rapid advice: antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 [cited 2010 Jul 30]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/advice/en/index.html.

58. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 [cited 2013 Sep 3]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/en/.

59. World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 2016 Apr 24]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/earlyrelease-arv/en/.

60. Gupta S, Granich R. When will sub-Saharan Africa adopt HIV treatment for all? South Afr J HIV Med. 2016;17:a459.

61. Mujugira A, Celum C, Thomas KK, Farquhar C, Mugo N, Katabira E, et al. Delay of antiretroviral therapy initiation is common in East African HIV-infected individuals in serodiscordant partnerships. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 2014;66:436–42. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000192 24798765

62. Wang H, Wolock TM, Carter A, Nguyen G, Kyu HH, Gakidou E, et al. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet HIV. 2016;3:e361–87. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30087-X 27470028

63. Eaton JW, Bacaër N, Bershteyn A, Cambiano V, Cori A, Dorrington RE, et al. Assessment of epidemic projections using recent HIV survey data in South Africa: a validation analysis of ten mathematical models of HIV epidemiology in the antiretroviral therapy era. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e598–608. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00080-7 26385301

64. Oster E. Estimating HIV prevalence and incidence in Africa from mortality data. B E J Econom Anal Policy. 2010;10:80.

65. Lopman B, Gregson S. When did HIV incidence peak in Harare, Zimbabwe? Back-calculation from mortality statistics. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(3):e1711. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001711 18320032

66. Shirreff G, Pellis L, Laeyendecker O, Fraser C. Transmission selects for HIV-1 strains of intermediate virulence: a modelling approach. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7(10):e1002185. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002185 22022243

67. Fryer HR, Frater J, Duda A, Roberts MG, Phillips RE, McLean AR. Modelling the evolution and spread of HIV immune escape mutants. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(11):e1001196. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001196 21124991

68. Burch LS, Smith CJ, Phillips AN, Johnson MA, Lampe FC. Socioeconomic status and response to antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a literature review. AIDS. 2016;30:1147–62. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001068 26919732

69. Charalambous S, Grant AD, Churchyard GJ, Mukora R, Schneider H, Fielding KL. Clinic-level factors influencing patient outcomes on antiretroviral therapy in primary health clinics in South Africa. AIDS. 2016;30:1099–109. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001014 26752280

70. Vella V, Govender T, Dlamini S, Taylor M, Moodley I, David V, et al. Retrospective study on the critical factors for retaining patients on antiretroviral therapy in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 2010;55:109–16.

71. Wilkinson LS, Skordis-Worrall J, Ajose O, Ford N. Self-transfer and mortality amongst adults lost to follow-up in ART programmes in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:365–79. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12434 25418366

72. Kranzer K, Ford N. Unstructured treatment interruption of antiretroviral therapy in clinical practice: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16:1297–313. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02828.x 21718394

73. Joubert J, Bradshaw D, Kabudula C, Rao C, Kahn K, Mee P, et al. Record-linkage comparison of verbal autopsy and routine civil registration death certification in rural north-east South Africa: 2006–09. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:1945–58. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu156 25146564

74. Birnbaum JK, Murray CJ, Lozano R. Exposing misclassified HIV/AIDS deaths in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89:278–85. doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.086280 21479092

75. Johnson LF, Keiser O, Fox MP, Tanser F, Cornell M, Hoffmann CJ, et al. Life expectancy trends in adults on antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. AIDS. 2016;30:2545–50. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001197 27428744

76. Roberts HE, Goulder PJ, McLean AR. The impact of antiretroviral therapy on population-level virulence evolution of HIV-1. J Roy Soc Interface. 2015;12:20150888. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0888 26609066

77. Herbeck JT, Mittler JE, Gottlieb GS, Mullins JI. An HIV epidemic model based on viral load dynamics: value in assessing empirical trends in HIV virulence and community viral load. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10(6):e1003673. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003673 24945322

78. Resch S, Korenromp E, Stover J, Blakley M, Krubiner C, Thorien K, et al. Economic returns to investment in AIDS treatment in low and middle income countries. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(10):e25310. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025310 21998648

79. Ferreira PC, Pessôa S, Dos Santos MR. The economic impact of AIDS on income and human capital. Econ Inquiry. 2011;49:1104–16.

80. Haacker M. The economics of the global response to HIV/AIDS. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016.

81. Bacaër N, Ouifki R, Pretorius C, Wood R, Williams B. Modeling the joint epidemics of TB and HIV in a South African township. J Math Biol. 2008;57:557–93. doi: 10.1007/s00285-008-0177-z 18414866

82. Churchyard GJ, Mametja LD, Mvusi L, Ndjeka N, Hesseling AC, Reid A, et al. Tuberculosis control in South Africa: successes, challenges and recommendations. S Afr Med J. 2014;104:244–8. 24893501

83. Reniers G, Blom S, Calvert C, Martin-Onraet A, Herbst AJ, Eaton JW, et al. Trends in the burden of HIV mortality after roll-out of antiretroviral therapy in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: an observational community cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e113–21. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30225-9 27956187

84. Iwuji CC, Orne-Gliemann J, Larmarange J, Okesola N, Tanser F, Thiebaut R, et al. Uptake of home-based HIV testing, linkage to care, and community attitudes about ART in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: descriptive results from the first phase of the ANRS 12249 TasP cluster-randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2016;13(8):e1002107. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002107 27504637

85. Bor J, Rosen S, Chimbindi N, Haber N, Herbst K, Mutevedzi T, et al. Mass HIV treatment and sex disparities in life expectancy: demographic surveillance in rural South Africa. PLoS Med. 2015;12(11):e1001905. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001905 26599699

86. Rosen S, Maskew M, Fox MP, Nyoni C, Mongwenyana C, Malete G, et al. Initiating antiretroviral therapy for HIV at a patient’s first clinic visit: the RapIT randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2016;13(5):e1002015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002015 27163694

87. Wilkinson L, Duvivier H, Patten G, Solomon S, Mdani L,Patel S, et al. Outcomes from the implementation of a counselling model supporting rapid antiretroviral treatment initiation in a primary healthcare clinic in Khayelitsha, South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med. 2015;16:367.

88. Katz IT, Dietrich J, Tshabalala G, Essien T, Rough K, Wright AA, et al. Understanding treatment refusal among adults presenting for HIV-testing in Soweto, South Africa: a qualitative study. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:704–14. doi: 10.1007/s10461-014-0920-y 25304330

Štítky
Interné lekárstvo

Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS Medicine


2017 Číslo 12
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#