Long-term risks and benefits associated with cesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis

1. Betran AP, Ye J, Moller AB, Zhang J, Gulmezoglu AM, Torloni MR. The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: Global, regional and national estimates: 1990–2014. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(2):e0148343. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148343 26849801

2. Gibbons L, Belizan JM, Lauer JA, Betra AP, Merialdi M, Althabe F. The Global Numbers and Costs of Additionally Needed and Unnecessary Caesarean Sections Performed per Year: Overuse as a Barrier to Universal Coverage. World Health Report (2010). Background Paper, 30.

3. Thomas J, Paranjothy S. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Clinical Effectiveness Support Unit. National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit Report. RCOG Press; 2001.

4. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) Caesarean Section (NICE Clinical Guideline 132). Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG132 [Accessed 8th January 2018].

5. Hannah ME, Whyte H, Hannah WJ, Hewson S, Amankwah K, Cheng M, et al. Maternal outcomes at 2 years after planned cesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: The international randomized Term Breech Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(3):917–27. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.08.004 15467565

6. Whyte H, Hannah ME, Saigal S, Hannah WJ, Hewson S, Amankwah K, et al. Outcomes of children at 2 years after planned cesarean birth versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: the International Randomized Term Breech Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(3):864–71. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.056 15467555.

7. Fenner D. Anal incontinence: relationship to pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and cesarean section. Semin Perinatol. 2006;30(5):261–6. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2006.07.006 17011397.

8. Press JZ, Klein MC, Kaczorowski J, Liston RM, von Dadelszen P. Does Cesarean Section Reduce Postpartum Urinary Incontinence? A Systematic Review. BIRTH. 2007;34(3):228–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2007.00175.x 17718873

9. Thavagnanam S, Fleming J, Bromley A, Shields MD, Cardwell CR. A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(4):629–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02780.x 18352976.

10. Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(4):634–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x 18266879.

11. Darmasseelane K, Hyde MJ, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Modi N. Mode of delivery and offspring body mass index, overweight and obesity in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87896. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087896 24586295; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3935836.

12. Li HT, Zhou YB, Liu JM. The impact of cesarean section on offspring overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(7):893–9. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.195 23207407.

13. Koplin J, Allen K, Gurrin L, Osborne N, Tang ML, Dharmage S. Is caesarean delivery associated with sensitization to food allergens and IgE-mediated food allergy: a systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19(8):682–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00731.x 19076564.

14. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology—A proposal for reporting. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008–12. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 PubMed PMID: WOS:000086436600037.

15. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2014) Critical Appraisal: Notes and Checklists. Healthcare Improvement Scotland. Available at: http://www.sign.ac.uk/checklists-and-notes.html [Accessed 8th January 2018].

16. Kim SY, Park JE, Lee YJ, Seo HJ, Sheen SS, Hahn S, et al. Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(4):408–14. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.09.016 23337781

17. Black M, Bhattacharya S, Philip S, Norman JE, McLernon DJ. Planned Cesarean Delivery at Term and Adverse Outcomes in Childhood Health. JAMA. 2015;314(21):2271–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.16176 PubMed PMID: WOS:000365515700019. 26624826

18. Lin SL, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Mode of delivery and adiposity: Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23(11):693–9. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.06.090 PubMed PMID: WOS:000326137000005. 23880154

19. Barros FC, Matijasevich A, Hallal PC, Horta BL, Barros AJ, Menezes AB, et al. Cesarean section and risk of obesity in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood: evidence from 3 Brazilian birth cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2):465–70. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.026401 22237058; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3260073.

20. Abdel-Fattah M, Familusi A, Fielding S, Ford J, Bhattacharya S. Primary and repeat surgical treatment for female pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in parous women in the UK: a register linkage study. BMJ Open. 2011;1:e000206. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000206 22102637

21. Bjelland EK, Owe KM, Pingel R, Kristiansson P, Vangen S, Eberhard-Gran M. Pelvic pain after childbirth: a longitudinal population study. Pain. 2016;157(3):710–6. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000427 PubMed PMID: WOS:000378258800022. 26588694

22. Brown SJ, Gartland D, Donath S, MacArthur C. Fecal Incontinence During the First 12 Months Postparum. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:240–9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318242b1f7 22270274

23. Elvander C, Dahlberg J, Andersson G, Cnattingius S. Mode of delivery and the probability of subsequent childbearing: a population-based register study. BJOG. 2015;122(12):1593–600. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13021 PubMed PMID: WOS:000363729300032. 25135574

24. Fussing-Clausen C, Geirsson RT, Hansen T, Rasmussen S, Lidegaard O, Hedegaard M. Mode of delivery and subsequent reproductive patterns. A national follow-up study. Acta Obstet Gyn Scan. 2014;93(10):1034–41. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12469 PubMed PMID: WOS:000342582800012. 25138733

25. Gartland D, Donath S, MacArthur C, Brown SJ. The onset, recurrence and associated obstetric risk factors for urinary incontinence in the first 18 months after a first birth: an Australian nulliparous cohort study. BJOG. 2012;119(11):1361–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03437.x 22827735.

26. Gyhagen M, Akervall S, Milsom I. Clustering of pelvic floor disorders 20 years after one vaginal or one cesarean birth. Int Urogynecol J. 2015;26(8):1115–21. doi: 10.1007/s00192-015-2663-3 PubMed PMID: WOS:000361229500005. 25708677

27. Gyhagen M, Bullarbo M, Nielsen TF, Milsom I. Prevalence and risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse 20 years after childbirth: a national cohort study in singleton primiparae after vaginal or caesarean delivery. BJOG. 2013;120(2):152–60. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12020 23121158.

28. Gyhagen M, Bullarbo M, Nielsen TF, Milsom I. The prevalence of urinary incontinence 20 years after childbirth: a national cohort study in singleton primiparae after vaginal or caesarean delivery. BJOG. 2013;120(2):144–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03301.x 22413831.

29. Hall MH, Campbell D, Fraser C, Lemon J. Mode of delivery and future fertility. BJOG. 1989;96:1297–303. 2611168

30. Huttly SRA, Barros FC, Victora CG, Lombardi C, Vaughan JP. Subsequent pregnancies: Who has them and who wants them? Observations from an urban center in Southern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 1990;24(3):212–6.

31. Kjerulff KH, Zhu J, Weisman CS, Ananth CV. First birth Caesarean section and subsequent fertility: a population-based study in the USA, 2000–2008. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(12):3349–57. doi: 10.1093/humrep/det343 24021550; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3829579.

32. Liang CC, Wu MP, Lin SJ, Lin YJ, Chang SD, Wang HH. Clinical impact of and contributing factors to urinary incontinence in women 5 years after first delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(1):99–104. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1855-3 22777581.

33. MacArthur C, Glazener C, Lancashire R, Herbison P, Wilson D. Exclusive caesarean section delivery and subsequent urinary and faecal incontinence: a 12-year longitudinal study. BJOG. 2011;118(8):1001–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02964.x 21477171

34. McDonald EA, Gartland D, Small R, Brown SJ. Dyspareunia and Childbirth: A Prospective Cohort Study. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015;70(5):319–20. PubMed PMID: WOS:000354725300013.

35. Mollison J, Porter M, Campbell D, Bhattacharya S. Primary mode of delivery and subsequent pregnancy. BJOG. 2005;112(8):1061–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00651.x 16045518.

36. Murphy DJ, Stirrat GM, Heron J, Team AS. The relationship between Caesarean section and subfertility in a population-based sample of 14 541 pregnancies. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(7):1914–7. 12093860

37. O'Neill SM, Khashan AS, Henriksen TB, Kenny LC, Kearney PM, Mortensen PB, et al. Does a Caesarean section increase the time to a second live birth? A register-based cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(11):2560–8. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu217 PubMed PMID: WOS:000344675700026. 25217610

38. Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S, Study NE. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(10):900–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021788 PubMed PMID: WOS:000181341100005. 12621134

39. Schytt E, Linkmark G, Waldenstrom U. Symptoms of stress incontinence 1 year after childbirth: prevalence and predictors in a national Swedish sample. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:928–36. doi: 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00431.x 15453888

40. Smith GC, Wood AM, Pell JP, Dobbie R. First cesarean birth and subsequent fertility. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(1):90–5. Epub 2006/01/18. doi: S0015-0282(05)03433-3 [pii] doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1289 16412736.

41. Tollanes MC, Melve KK, Irgens LM, Skjaerven R. Reduced Fertility After Cesarean Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:1256–63. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000292089.18717.9f 18055718

42. Woolhouse H, Perlen S, Gartland D, Brown SJ. Physical Health and Recovery in the First 18 Months Postpartum: Does Cesarean Section Reduce Long-Term Morbidity? BIRTH. 2012;39(3):221–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2012.00551.x 23281904

43. MacArthur C, Wilson D, Herbison P, Lancashire RJ, Hagen S, Toozs-Hobson P, et al. Urinary incontinence persisting after childbirth: extent, delivery history, and effects in a 12-year longitudinal cohort study. BJOG. 2016;123(6):1022–9. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13395 PubMed PMID: WOS:000374705100031. 25846816

44. Ajslev TA, Andersen CS, Gamborg M, Sorensen TI, Jess T. Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota: the role of delivery mode, pre-pregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics. Int J Obes. 2011;35(4):522–9. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.27 21386800.

45. Almqvist C, Cnattingius S, Lichtenstein P, Lundholm C. The impact of birth mode of delivery on childhood asthma and allergic diseases—a sibling study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(9):1369–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04021.x 22925323; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3564396.

46. Andersen V, Erichsen R, Froslev T, Sorensen HT, Ehrenstein V. Differential risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease among boys and girls after cesarean delivery. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(1):E8–E10. doi: 10.1002/ibd.22841 22147542.

47. Bager P, Simonsen J, Nielsen NM, Frisch M. Cesarean section and offspringʼs risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A national cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(5):857–62. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21805 21739532

48. Changzheng Y, Gaskins AJ, Blaine AI, Zhang C, Gillman MW, Missmer SA, et al. Association Between Cesarean Birth and Risk of Obesity in Offspring in Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood. JAMA Pediatrics. 2016;170(11):e162385. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2385 27599167

49. Davidson R, Roberts SE, Wotton CJ, Goldacre MJ. Influence of maternal and perinatal factors on subsequent hospitalisation for asthma in children: evidence from the Oxford record linkage study. BMC Pulm Med. 2010;10. doi: Artn 14 doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-10-10 PubMed PMID: WOS:000208592700014.

50. Eggesbo M, Botten G, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Magnus P. Is delivery by cesarean section a risk factor for food allergy? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(2):420–6. doi: 10.1067/mai.2003.1610 PubMed PMID: WOS:000184650600029. 12897751

51. Eggesbo M, Botten G, Stigum H, Samuelsen SO, Brunekreef B, Magnus P. Cesarean delivery and cow milk allergy/intolerance. Allergy. 2005;60(9):1172–3. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00857.x 16076303.

52. Goldani HA, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, Silva AA, Agranonik M, Morais MB, et al. Cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adulthood in a Brazilian birth cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(6):1344–7. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.010033 21508088.

53. Goldani MZ, Barbieri MA, Moura da Silva AA, Pereria Gutierrez MR, Bettiol H, Goldani HA. Cesarean section and increased body mass index in school children: two cohort studies from distinct socioeconomic background areas in Brazil. Nutr J. 2013;12.

54. Huh SY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Zera CA, Rich Edwards JW, Oken E, Weiss ST, et al. Delivery by caesarean section and risk of obesity in preschool age children: a prosepective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(610–616):610.

55. Kero J, Gissler M, Minna-Maija G, Kero P, Koskinen P, Hemminki E, et al. Mode of Delivery and Asthma—Is There a Connection? Pediatr Res. 2002;52(1):6–11. doi: 10.1203/00006450-200207000-00004 12084840

56. Li HT, Ye R, Pei L, Ren A, Zheng X, Liu JM. Caesarean delivery, caesarean delivery on maternal request and childhood overweight: a Chinese birth cohort study of 181 380 children. Pediatr Obes. 2014;9(1). Epub 2013 Mar 19.

57. Lin SL, Schooling CM, Leung GM. Mode of Delivery and Adiposity: Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" Birth Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177:S8–S. PubMed PMID: WOS:000319870300031.

58. Magnus MC, Haberg SE, Stigum H, Nafstad P, London SJ, Vangen S, et al. Delivery by Cesarean section and early childhood respiratory symptoms and disorders: the Norwegian mother and child cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(11):1275–85. Epub 2011/11/01. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr242 22038100; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3254156.

59. Maitra A, Sherriff A, Strachan D, Team AS, Henderson J. Mode of delivery is not associated with asthma or atopy in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:1349–55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02048.x 15347366

60. Mamun AA, Sutharsan R, O'Callaghan M, Williams G, Najman J, McIntyre HD, et al. Cesarean delivery and the long-term risk of offspring obesity. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(6):1176–83. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000016 24201680.

61. McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. Mode of delivery and risk of developing allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(5):800–2. doi: 10.1067/mai.2002.124046 11994703

62. Menezes AM, Hallal PC, Matijasevich AM, Barros AJ, Horta BL, Araujo CL, et al. Caesarean sections and risk of wheezing in childhood and adolescence: data from two birth cohort studies in Brazil. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(2):218–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03611.x 20840395; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3505367.

63. Negele K, Heinrick J, Borte M, von Berg A, Schaaf B, Lehmann I, et al. Mode of delivery and development of atopic disease during the first 2 years of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15:48–54. 14998382

64. Pei Z, Heinrich J, Fuertes E, Flexeder C, Hoffmann B, Lehmann I, et al. Cesarean delivery and risk of childhood obesity. J Pediatr. 2014;164(5):1068–73 e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.12.044 24508442.

65. Ponsonby AL, Catto-Smith AG, Pezic A, Dupuis S, Halliday J, Cameron D, et al. Association between early-life factors and risk of child-onset Crohn's disease among Victorian children born 1983–1998: a birth cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(6):858–66. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20842 19107784.

66. Schooling CM, Mesquita DN, Barbieri MA, Goldani HAS, Cardoso VC, Goldani MZ, et al. Cesarean Section Is Associated with Increased Peripheral and Central Adiposity in Young Adulthood: Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e66827. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066827 23826150

67. Pyrhonen K, Nayha S, Hiltunen L, Laara E. Caesarean section and allergic manifestations: insufficient evidence of association found in population-based study of children aged 1 to 4 years. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(10):982–9. doi: 10.1111/apa.12342 23826787.

68. Roberts SE, Wotton CJ, Williams JG, Griffith M, Goldacre MJ. Perinatal and early life risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(6):743–9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i6.743 21390144; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3042652.

69. Roduit C, Scholtens S, de Jongste JC, Wijga AH, Gerritsen J, Postma DS, et al. Ashtma at 8 years of age in children born by caesarean section. Thorax. 2009;64:107–13. doi: 10.1136/thx.2008.100875 19052046

70. Steur M, Smit HA, Schipper CMA, Scholtens S, Kerkhof M, de Jongste JC, et al. Predicting the risk of newborn children to become overweight later in childhood: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6:e170–e8. doi: 10.3109/17477166.2010.519389 20883125

71. Tollanes MC, Moster D, Daltveit AK, Irgens LM. Cesarean section and risk of severe childhood asthma: a population-based cohort study. J Pediatr. 2008;153(1):112–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.01.029 18571547.

72. van Berkel AC, den Dekker HT, Jaddoe VWV, Reiss IK, Gaillard R, Hofman A, et al. Mode of delivery and childhood fractional exhaled nitric oxide, interrupter resistance and asthma: the Generation R study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(4):330–6. doi: 10.1111/pai.12385 PubMed PMID: WOS:000355149800005. 25845270

73. van Nimwegen FA, Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Postma DS, Koppelman GH, Kerkhof M, et al. Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(5):948–55 e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.027 21872915.

74. Werner A, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Jeppesen SK, Thulstrup AM, Olsen J. Caesarean delivery and risk of developing asthma in the offspring. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(4):595–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00150.x 17274805.

75. Xu B, Pekkanen J, Hartikainen AL, Jarvelin MR. Caesarean section and risk of asthma and allergy in adulthood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(4):732–3. doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.113048 11295666.

76. Xu B, Pekkanen J, Jarvelin MR. Obstetric Complications and Asthma in Childhood. J Asthma. 2000;37(7):589–94. 11059526

77. Eggesbø M, Botten G, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Magnus P. Is delivery by cesarean section a risk factor for food allergy? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(2):420–6. doi: 10.1067/mai.2003.1610 12897751

78. Bowman ZS SK, Silver RM. Cesarean Delivery and Risk for Subsequent Ectopic Pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 2015;32(9):815–20. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1543952 25607224

79. Daltveit AK, Tollanes MC, Pihlstrom H, Irgens LM. Cesarean Delivery and Subsequent Pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111:1327–34. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181744110 18515516

80. Downes KL HS, Sjaarda LA, et al. Previous prelabor or intrapartum cesarean delivery and risk of placenta previa. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(5):669 e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.004 25576818

81. Galyean AM, Lagrew DC, Bush MC, Kurtzman JT. Previous cesarean section and the risk of postpartum maternal complications and adverse neonatal outcomes in future pregnancies. J Perinatol. 2009;29:726–30. doi: 10.1038/jp.2009.108 19626026

82. Getahun D, Oyelese Y, Salihu HM, Ananth CV. Previous cesarean delivery and risks of placenta previa and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(4):771–8. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000206182.63788.80 16582111

83. Gray R, Quigley MA, Hockley C, Kurinczuk JJ, Goldacre M, Brocklehurst P. Caesarean delivery and risk of stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study in an English population. BJOG. 2007;114(3):264–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01249.x 17261119.

84. Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, Smith GC, Onwere C, Mahmood TA, et al. Risk of placenta previa in second birth after first birth cesarean section: a population-based study and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11:95. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-95 22103697; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3247856.

85. Jackson S, Fleege L, Fridman M, Gregory K, Zelop C, Olsen J. Morbidity following primary cesarean delivery in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(2):139 e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.09.023 22051815.

86. Kennare R, Tucker G, Heard A, Chan A. Risks of Adverse Outcomes in the Next Birth After a First Cesarean Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:270–6. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000250469.23047.73 17267823

87. Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. First-Birth Cesarean and Placental Abruption or Previa at Second Birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:765–9. 11339931

88. Rasmussen S, Albrechtsen S, Dalaker K. Obstetric history and the risk of placenta previa. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79:502–7. 10857876

89. Yang Q, Wen SW, Oppenheimer L, Chen XK, Black D, Gao J, et al. Association of caesarean delivery for first birth with placenta praevia and placental abruption in second pregnancy. BJOG. 2007;114(5):609–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01295.x 17355267.

90. Hemminki E, Shelley J, Gissler M. Mode of delivery and problems in subsequent births: a register-based study from Finland. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(1):169–77. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.11.007 16021075.

91. Huang X, Lei J, Tan H, Walker M, Zhou J, Wen SW. Cesarean delivery for first pregnancy and neonatal morbidity and mortality in second pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;158:204–8.

92. Moraitis AA, Oliver-Williams C, Wood AM, Fleming M, Pell JP, Smith GCS. Previous caesarean delivery and the risk of unexplained stillbirth: retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(11):1467–74. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13461 PubMed PMID: WOS:000362752100009. 26033155

93. Osborne C, Ecker JL, Gauvreau K, Lieberman E. First birth cesarean and risk of antepartum fetal death in a subsequent pregnancy. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2012;57(1):12–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00142.x 22251907.

94. Salihu HM, Bowen CM, Wilson RE, Marty PJ. The impact of previous cesarean section on the success of future fetal programming pattern. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(2):319–26. doi: 10.1007/s00404-010-1665-0 20821225.

95. Salihu HM, Sharma PP, Kristensen S, Blot C, Alio AP, Ananth CV, et al. Risk of Stillbirth Following a Cesarean Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:383–90. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000195103.46999.32 16449128

96. Smith GC, Pell JP, Dobbie R. Caesarean section and risk of unexplained stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy. Lancet. 2003;362(9398):1779–84. Epub 2003/12/05. doi: S0140673603148969 [pii]. 14654315.

97. Taylor LK, Simpson JM, Roberts CL, Olive EC, Henderson-Smart DJ. Risk of complications in a second pregnancy following caesarean section in the first pregnancy: a population-based study. Med J Aust. 2005;183:515–9. 16296964

98. Wood SL, Chen S, Ross S, Sauve R. The risk of unexplained antepartum stillbirth in second pregnancies following caesarean section in the first pregnancy. BJOG. 2008;115(6):726–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01705.x 18410656

99. Adlercreutz EH, Svensson J, Hansen D, Buschard K, Lernmark A, Mortensen HB, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease autoimmunity in children with type 1 diabetes: regional variations across the Oresund strait between Denmark and southernmost Sweden. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16(7):504–9. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12200 PubMed PMID: WOS:000362550400004. 25131687

100. Algert CS, McElduff A, Morris JM, Roberts CL. Perinatal risk factors for early onset of Type 1 diabetes in a 2000–2005 birth cohort. Diabetic Med. 2009;26(12):1193–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02878.x PubMed PMID: WOS:000272161900002. 20002469

101. Cardwell CR, Carson DJ, Patterson CC. Parental age at delivery, birth order, birth weight and gestational age are associated with the risk of childhood Type 1 diabetes: a UK regional retrospective cohort study. Diabetic Med. 2005;22(2):200–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01369.x PubMed PMID: WOS:000226475700014. 15660739

102. Stene LC, Magnus P, Lie RT, Sovik O, Joner G, Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study G. No association between preeclampsia or cesarean section and incidence of type 1 diabetes among children: a large, population-based cohort study. Pediatr Res. 2003;54(4):487–90. doi: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000081301.25600.5D 12815116.

103. Roberts SE, Williams JG, Meddings D, Davidson R, Goldacre MJ. Perinatal risk factors and coeliac disease in children and young adults: a record linkage study. Aliment Pharm Ther. 2009;29(2):222–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03871.x PubMed PMID: WOS:000261781900009. 18945253

104. Asztalos EV, Hannah ME, Hutton EK, Willan AR, Allen AC, Armson BA, et al. Twin BIrth Study: 2-year neurodevelopmental follow-up of the randomized trial of planned cesarean or planned vaginal delivery for twin pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(3):371. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.051 26830380

105. Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM. The association of placenta previa with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(5):1071–8. 9396896.

106. Gurol-Urganci I, Bou-Antoun S, Lim CP, Cromwell DA, Mahmood TA, Templeton A, et al. Impact of Caesarean section on subsequent fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(7):1943–52. doi: 10.1093/humrep/det130 23644593.

107. O'Neill SM, Kearney PM, Kenny LC, Henriksen TB, Lutomski JE, Greene RA, et al. Caesarean delivery and subsequent pregnancy interval: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:165. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-165 23981569; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3765853.

108. O'Neill SM, Kearney PM, Kenny LC, Khashan AS, Henriksen TB, Lutomski JE, et al. Caesarean delivery and subsequent stillbirth or miscarriage: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):e54588. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054588 23372739; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3553078.

109. O'Neill SM, Khashan AS, Kenny LC, Greene RA, Henriksen TB, Lutomski JE, et al. Caesarean section and subsequent ectopic pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2013;120(6):671–80. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12165 23398899.