Two-year impact of community-based health screening and parenting groups on child development in Zambia: Follow-up to a cluster-randomized controlled trial

1. Black MM, Walker SP, Fernald LC, Andersen CT, DiGirolamo AM, Chunling L, et al. Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet. 2017;389:77–90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7 27717614

2. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman S, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet. 2011;378:1325–38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2 21944375

3. Zambia Central Statistical Office, Zambia Ministry of Health, ICF International. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013–14. Rockville (MD): ICF International; 2014.

4. World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2017.

5. McCoy DC, Zuilkowski SS, Yoshikawa H, Fink G. Early childhood care and education and school readiness in Zambia. J Res Educ Eff. 2017;10:482–506.

6. Scaling Up Nutrition. Zambia. Geneva: SUN Movement; 2017 [cited 2017 Sep 26]. Available from: http://scalingupnutrition.org/sun-countries/zambia/

7. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E, et al. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369:145–57. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2 17223478

8. Engle PL, Black MM, Behrman JR, de Mello MC, Gertler PJ, Kapriri L, et al. Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet. 2007;369:229–42. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60112-3 17240290

9. Hess SY, Abbeddou S, Jimenez EY, Somé JW, Vosti SA, Ouédraogo ZP, et al. Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements, regardless of their zinc content, increase growth and reduce the prevalence of stunting and wasting in young Burkinabe children: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 2015;10.3:e0122242.

10. Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CA, Walker SP, Himes JH. Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican study. Lancet. 1991;338(8758):1–5. 1676083

11. Powell C, Baker-Henningham H, Walker S, Gernay J, Grantham-McGregor S. Feasibility of integrating early stimulation into primary care for undernourished Jamaican children: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;329:89. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38132.503472.7C 15217841

12. Yousafzai AK, Rasheed MA, Rizvi A, Armstrong R, Bhutta ZA. Effect of integrated responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the Lady Health Worker programme in Pakistan on child development, growth, and health outcomes: a cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1282–93. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60455-4 24947106

13. Lewycka S, Mwansambo C, Rosato M, Kazembe P, Phiri T, Mganga A, et al. Effect of women’s groups and volunteer peer counselling on rates of mortality, morbidity, and health behaviours in mothers and children in rural Malawi (MaiMwana): a factorial, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;381:1721–35. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61959-X 23683639

14. Prost A, Colbourn T, Seward N, Azad K, Coomarasamy A, Copas A, et al. Women’s groups practising participatory learning and action to improve maternal and newborn health in low-resource settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;381:1736–46. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60685-6 23683640

15. Aboud FE. Evaluation of an early childhood parenting programme in rural Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25:3–13. 17615899

16. Aboud FE, Singla DR, Nahil MI, Borisova I. Effectiveness of a parenting program in Bangladesh to address early childhood health, growth and development. Soc Sci Med. 2013;97:250–8. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.020 23871435

17. Aboud FE, Yousafzai AK. Global health and development in early childhood. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:433–57. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015128 25196276

18. Boivin M, Bangirana P, Nakasujja N, Page CF, Shohet C, Givon D, et al. A year-long caregiver training program to improve neurocognition in preschool Ugandan HIV-exposed children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2013;34:269–78. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e318285fba9 23535340

19. Bass JK, Nakasujja N, Familiar-Lopez I, Sikorskii A, Murray SM, Opoka R, et al. Association of caregiver quality of care with neurocognitive outcomes in HIV-affected childrenaged 2–5 years in Uganda. AIDS Care. 2016;28(Suppl 1):76–83.

20. Signla DR, Kumbakumba E, Aboud FE. Effects of a parenting intervention to address maternal psychological wellbeing and child development and growth in rural Uganda: a community-based, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Global Health. 2015;3:e458–69. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00099-6 26144389

21. Rockers PC, Fink G, Zanolini A, Banda B, Biemba G, Sullivan C, et al. Impact of a community-based package of interventions on child development in Zambia: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Global Health. 2016;1:e000104. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000104 28588962

22. Semrau KEA, Herlihy J, Grogan C, Musokotwane K, Yeboah-Antwi K, Mbewe R, et al. Effectiveness of 4% chlorhexidine umbilical cord care on neonatal mortality in Southern Province, Zambia (ZamCAT): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Global Health. 2016;4(11):e827–36. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30215-7 27693439

23. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. Care for child development: improving the care of young children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.

24. Inter-Agency Taskforce on HIV and ECD. The essential package: holistically addressing the needs of young vulnerable children and their caregivers affected by HIV and AIDS. Atlanta: Care International; 2012.

25. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

26. Bann CM, Wallander JL, Do B, Thorsten V, Pasha O, Biasini FJ, et al. Home-based early intervention and the influence of family resources on cognitive development. Pediatrics. 2016;137:e20153766. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3766 26977079

27. Pearson Clinical Assessments. Bayley-III Scoring Assistant. Version 2.0.2. San Antonio: Pearson; 2012.

28. United Nations Children’s Fund. Multiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS). New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 1995.

29. Steyn NP, Nel JH, Nantel G, Kennedy G, Labadarios D. Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy? Public Health Nutr. 2006;9:644–50. 16923296

30. Beusenberg M, Orley J. A user’s guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994.

31. Harpham T, Reichenheim M, Oser R, Thomas E, Hamid N, Jaswal S, et al. Measuring mental health in a cost-effective manner. Health Policy Plan. 2003;18:344–9. 12917276

32. McCoy DC, Sudfeld CR, Bellinger DC, Muhihi A, Ashery G, Weary TE, et al. Development and validation of an early childhood development scale for use in low-resourced settings. Popul Health Metr. 2017;15:3. doi: 10.1186/s12963-017-0122-8 28183307

33. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software. Release 14. College Station (TX): StataCorp; 2015.

34. Rockers PC, Zanolini A, Hamer DH, Fink G. Data from: Two-year impact of community-based health screening and parenting groups on child development in Zambia: follow-up to a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Dryad Digital Repository. Durham (NC): Dryad; 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3340hc4

35. Fernandes M, Stein A, Newton CR, Cheikh-Ismail L, Kihara M, Wulff K, et al. The INTERGROWTH-21st Project Neurodevelopment Package: a novel method for the multi-dimensional assessment of neurodevelopment in pre-school age children. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(11):e113360. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113360 25423589

36. Kruk ME, Vail D, Austin-Evelyn K, Atuyambe L, Greeson D, Grépin KA, et al. Evaluation of a maternal health program in Uganda and Zambia finds mixed results on quality of care and satisfaction. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35:510–9.

37. Seidenberg PD, Hamer DH, Iyer H, Pilingana P, Siazeele K, Hamainza B, et al. Impact of integrated community case management on health-seeking behavior in rural Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:105–10. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0799 23136285

38. Potts D. Debates about African urbanisation, migration and economic growth: what can we learn from Zimbabwe and Zambia? Geogr J. 2016;182:251–64.