Risk factors of atrial fibrillation

Česká verzia

Authors: V. Musil
Authors place of work: Interní kardiologická klinika, FN a LF MU Brno
Published in the journal: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2010, 12(3): 131-133

Summary

Atrial fibrillation is among the most common cardiac arrhythmias in the population, its prevalence increases with age and the most common risk factors other than age are hypertension, male sex, ischemic heart disease and chronic heart failure. However, for a considerable proportion of patients with permanent and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, the apparent cause cannot be identified using common investigative techniques. This is the so-called ‘lone’ atrial fibrillation. In these patients, other factors have been documented as the possible cause of atrial fibrillation. Among the most discussed are obesity with metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and inflammatory reaction with oxidative stress and subclinical atherosclerosis. Although an interlink between these factors has been repeatedly demonstrated, we can not yet answer unambiguously whether these ‘risk factors’ are the causes or only accompanying signs of other more complex mechanisms.

Keywords:
atrial fibrillation –atherosclerosis – metabolic syndrome – obstructive sleep apnoea

Zdroje

1. Lábrová R. Fibrilace síní – kardiovaskulární epidemie. Vnitř Lék 2008; 54: 12–13.

2. Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS et al. American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Europace 2006; 8: 651–745.

3. Jeong JH. Prevalence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in Korean adults older than 40 years. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20: 26–30.

4. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med 1995; 98: 476–484.

5. Špinar J, Hradec J, Meluzin J et al. Doporučení pro diagnostiku a lečbu srdečniho selhani ČKS 2006. Cor Vasa 2007; 49: K5–K33.

6. Chen LY, Herron KJ, Tai BC et al. Lone atrial fibrillation: influence of familial disease on gender predilection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 802-806. Epub 2008 Mar 21.

7. Scardi S, Mazzone C, Pandullo C et al. Lone atrial fibrillation: prognostic differences between paroxysmal and chronic forms after 10 years of follow-up. Am Heart J 1999; 137(4 Pt 1): 686–691.

8. Chugh SS, Blackshear JL, Shen WK et al. Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation: clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 371–378.

9. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001; 104: 2886–2891.

10. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ et al. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 2000; 101: 1767–1772.

11. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE et al. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836–843.

12. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J et al. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 1998; 98: 731–733.

13. Osman R, L‘Allier PL, Elgharib N et al. Critical appraisal of C-reactive protein throughout the spectrum of cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2006; 2: 221–237.

14. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997; 96: 1180–1184.

15. Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis and risk of atrial fibrillation: The Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 382–387.

16. Kunešová M, Hlubík P, Hainer V et al. Obezita. Doporučený diagnostický a léčebný postup pro všeobecné praktické lékaře. Praha: Společnost všeobecného lékařství ČLS JEP 2005.

17. Umetani K, Kodama Y, Nakamura T et al. High prevalence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter in metabolic syndrome. Circ J 2007; 71: 252–255.

18. Korantzopoulos P, Kokkoris S, Papaioannides D. The association of metabolic syndrome with atrial fibrillation: an emerging epidemiological and pathophysiological hypothesis. Cardiology 2005; 104: 148–149. Epub 2005 Aug 22.

19. Watanabe H, Tanabe N, Watanabe T et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of development of atrial fibrillation: the Niigata preventive medicine study. Circulation 2008; 117: 1255–1260. Epub 2008 Feb 19.

20. Tang RB, Dong JZ, Liu XP et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Circ J 2009; 73: 438–443. Epub 2009 Jan 28.

21. Schoonderwoerd BA, Smit MD, Pen L et al. New risk factors for atrial fibrillation: causes of ‚not-so-lone atrial fibrillation‘. Europace 2008; 10: 668–673. Epub 2008 May 13. Review.

22. Nicolaou VN, Papadakis JE, Karatzis EN et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on atrial size in patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation. Angiology 2007; 58: 21–25.

23. Calkins H, Brugada J, Packer DL et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); American College of Cardiology (ACC); American Heart Association (AHA); Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert Consensus Statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: Recommendations for personnel, policy, procedures and follow-up. A report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4: 816–861.

24. Liu J, Grundy SM, Wang W et al. Ethnic-specific criteria for the metabolic syndrome: evidence from China. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 414–416.

25. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: Evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2074–2079.

26. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi MC et al. Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 613–618. Epub 2005 May 18.

27. Roche F, Xuong AN, Court-Fortune I et al. Relationship among the severity of sleep apnea syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias, and autonomic imbalance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26: 669–677.

28. Kanagala R, Murali NS, Friedman PA et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003; 107: 2589–2594. Epub 2003 May 12.

29. Gami AS, Caples SM, Somers VK. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2003; 32: 869–894. Review.

30. Jongnarangsin K, Chugh A, Good E et al. Body mass index, obstructive sleep apnea, and outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 668–672. Epub 2008 Mar 21.

31. Liu JN, Zhang JX, Lu G et al. The effect of oxidative stress in myocardial cell injury in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123: 74–78.

32. Puddey IB, Rakic V, Dimmitt SB et al. Influence of pattern of drinking on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors – a review. Addiction 1999; 94: 649–663. Review.

33. Schoppet M, Maisch B. Alcohol and the heart. Herz 2001; 26: 345–352.

34. Koskinen P, Kupari M, Leinonen H et al. Alcohol and new onset atrial fibrillaion: a case-control study of a current series. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 468–473.

35. Katzung BG. Základní a klinická farmakologie. 2. vyd. Jinočany: Nakladatelství H&H Vyšehradská s.r.o. 2006; 2: 512–513.

36. Chou T. Wake up and smell the coffee. Caffeine, coffee, and the medical consequences. West J Med 1992; 157: 544–553.

37. Hayashi H, Omichi C, Miyauchi Y et al. Age-related sensitivity to nicotine for inducible atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285: H2091–H2098.