Antiarrhythmic agents vs implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the prevention of sudden cardiac death: finally resolved issue?
Authors:
M. Táborský; P. Heinc; V. Doupal
Authors place of work:
I. interní klinika FN Olomouc
Published in the journal:
Kardiol Rev Int Med 2010, 12(Supplementum): 26-31
Summary
The first reference to the relationship between ventricular fibrillation and coronary artery disease is dated to as early as 1779. The magnitude of the problem of sudden cardiac death have been recognized by the medical profession in the 1960s when the first coronary care units had been established where arrhythmias could be monitored and prompt defibrillation could be delivered. In 1980, Mirowski implanted the first implantable cardioverter defibrillator to a patient. Several randomized studies, mainly in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction or in patients with documented malignant arrhythmias, showed that the implantable cardioverter defibrillator is superior to antiarrhythmic drug therapy in preventing sudden death. Trials on antiarrhythmic drugs were disappointing. Sodium channel blockers and ‘pure’ potassium channel blockers actually increase mortality, calcium channels blocker have no effect, and, although amiodarone reduces arrhythmic death, it had no effect on the total mortality in 2 large trials. It is only the beta-blockers that had been proven to reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac death. Drugs that prevent ischemic events, or lessen their impact, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, and aldosterone antagonists, all reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac death.
Keywords:
coronary artery disease – ventricular fibrillation – implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) – antiarrhythmic drug
Zdroje
1. Erichsen JE. On the influence of the coronary circulation on the action of the heart. Lond Med Gaz 1841–1842; 2: 561-565.
2. McWilliam JA. Fibrillar contraction of the heart. J Physiol (Lond) 1887a; 8: 296-310.
3. Julian DG. Treatment of cardiac arrest in acute myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Lancet 1961; 14: 840–844.
4. Lown B, Amarasingham R, Neumann J. New method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias. Use of synchronized capacitor discharge. JAMA 1962; 182: 548–555.
5. Lown B. Sudden cardiac death: the major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology. Am J Cardiol 1979; 43: 313–328.
6. McWilliam JA. On electrical stimulation of the heart. Trans Int Med Congress 1887b; 9th Session, Washington, III: 253.
7. Moe GK. On the multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1962; 140: 183–188.
8. Allessie MA, Bonke FIM, Schopman FJG. Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia: III. The “leading circle” concept: A new model of circus movement in cardiac tissue without the involvement of an anatomical obstacle. Circ Res 1977; 41: 9–18.
9. Janse MJ, van Capelle FJL, Morsink H et al. Flow of “injury” current and patterns of excitation during early ventricular arrhythmias in acute regional myocardial ischemia in isolated porcine and canine hearts. Evidence for two different arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Circ Res 1980; 47: 151–165.
10. Pogwizd SM, Corr PB. Reentrant and nonreentrant mechanisms contribute to arrhythmogenesis during early myocardial ischemia: Results using three-dimensional mapping. Circ Res 1987; 61: 352–371.
11. Green T. On death from chloroform: its prevention by galvanism. Br Med J 1872; 1: 551–553.
12. Prevost JL, Batelli F. Sur quelques effects des décharges électriques sur le coeur des Mammiféres. C R Seances Acad Sci 1899; 129: 1267–1268.
13. Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG. Closed-chest cardiac massage. JAMA 1960; 173: 1064–1067.
14. Zoll PM, Limenthal AJ, Gibson W et al. Termination of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock. N Engl J Med 1956; 254: 727–732.
15. Mirowski M, Mower MM, Staewen WS et al. Standby automatic defibrillator: An approach to prevention of sudden coronary death. Arch Int Med 1970; 126: 158–161.
16. Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM et al. Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 322–324.
17. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1933–1940.
18. Bigger JT jr for the Coronary Artery bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial Investigators. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1569–1575.
19. Moss AJ. Antiarrhythmic device trials. In: Malik M (ed.). Risk of Arrhythmia and Sudden Death. London: BMJ Books: 379–388.
20. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD et al. A randomised study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1882–1890.
21. The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic- drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1576–1583.
22. Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J et al. Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: The Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 2000; 102: 748–754.
23. CIDS Investigators: Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study, Conolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS et al. A randomised trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation 2000; 101: 1297–1302.
24. Teo KK, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction: An overview of results from randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1993; 270: 1589–1595.
25. Brugada J, Vardas P, Wolpert C. The EHRA White Book 2008. [http://www.escardio.org/communities/EHRA/publications/Documents/ehra-white-book-2008.pdf].
26. Kjekshus JK. Importance of heart rate in determining beta-blocker activity in acute and long-term acute myocardial infarction intervention trials. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 43F–49F.
27. CIBIS-II Investigators. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomized trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 9–13.
28. MERIT-HF Study Group. Metoprolol CR/XL Effect of metropolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT- HF). Lancet 1999; 353: 2001–2007.
29. Waldo AL, Camm AJ, de Ruyter H et al for the SWORD investigators. Effects of D-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet 1996; 348: 7–12.
30. Danish Investigators of Arrhythmias and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group, Torp-Pedersen C, Møller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 857–865.
31. Burkart F, Pfisterer M, Kiowski W et al. Effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias: Basel Antoiarrhythmic Study of Infarct Survival (BASIS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16:
1711–1718.
32. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO et al for Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insufficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA). Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Lancet 1994; 344: 493–498.
33. Garguichevich JJ, Ramos JL, Gambarte A et al. Effect of amiodarone therapy on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias: Argentine Pilot Study of Sudden Death and Amiodarone. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 494–500.
34. Janse MJ, Malik M, Camm AJ. Identification of post acute myocardial infarction patients with potential benefit from prophylactic treatment with amiodarone. A substudy of EMIAT (the European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial). Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 85–95.
35. Boutitie F, Boissel JP, Conolly S et al. Amiodarone interarction with betablockers. Analysis of the merged EMIAT and CAMIAT databases. Circulation 1999; 99: 2268–2275.
36. Pitt B. Sudden cardiac death: The role of left ventricular dysfunction. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982; 383: 218–228.
37. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: Meta-analysis of individual data from 6 500 patients in randomised trials. Lancet 1997; 350: 1417–1424.
38. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effect of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429–1435.
39. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell´Infarto miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy. Lancet 1986; 1: 397–402.
40. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4 444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383–1389.
41. Vardas EP, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ et al. European Society of Cardiology; European Heart Rhythm Association. Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy : The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2256–2295.
42. Táborský M, Kautzner J, Bytešník J et al. Zásady pro implantace kardiostimulátorů, implantabilních kardioverterů-defibrilátorů a systémů pro srdeční resynchronizační léčbu 2009. Cor Vasa 2009; 51: 602–614.
43. Scoote M, Poole-Wilson PA, Williams AJ. The therapeutic potential of new insights into myocardial excitation-contraction coupling. Heart 2003; 89: 371–376.
Štítky
Paediatric cardiology Internal medicine Cardiac surgery CardiologyČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Cardiology Review
2010 Číslo Supplementum
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Bradycardia in acute myocardial infarction
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: annotated ERC Guidelines 2005
- Supraventricular arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction
- Sudden cardiac death prevention in acute myocardial infarction