Proton pump inhibitors – new molecules, new knowledge

Česká verzia

Authors: J. Špičák; K. Chmelová
Authors place of work: Klinika hepatogastroenterologie, Transplantcentrum, IKEM, Praha
Published in the journal: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2016, 18(1): 67-75
Category: Cardiology Review

Summary

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the primary medication in the treatment of acid-related diseases. All proton pump inhibitors are weak bases selectively metabolised in an acid environment which block the function of active proton pumps. Proton pump inhibitors provide efficient treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori, functional dyspepsia and NSAID gastropathy. PPI may be helpful in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. PPI of the first generation comprise omeprazole, pantoprazole and lansoprazole, the second one is represented by esomeprazole and rabeprazole. Proton pump inhibitors differ in pharmacokinetic properties but these differences do not necessarily have clinically relevant consequences. Generally, second generation proton pump inhibitors provide a faster onset of effect, longer gastric secretion inhibition, and specifically the effect of rabeprazole is less dependent on the method of administration and has less influence on the function of cytochrome P450. The effect of proton pump inhibitors, particularly the first generation, is modified by the genetic variety of the CYP2C19 enzyme and is significantly lower in rapid metabolisers. Proton pump inhibitors are very safe and immediate complications are rare. They can cause progression of gastritis in Helicobacter infection. In spite of causing hypergastrinemia, they do not have malignant potential. Their long-term administration is associated with an increased risk of pelvis and hip fractures, community-acquired pneumonia, and clostridium infection. They decrease the effect of antiaggregant therapy with clopidogrel, and increase the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. This effect is not proven in prasugrel. We cannot expect any potential progression in developing new molecules or PPI formulas. The instructions for patients are usually not clearly presented and often lack important information.

Keywords:
proton pump inhibitors – omeprazole – lansoprazole – pantoprazole – rabeprazole – esomeprazole – side effects – interactions

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