Dyslipidaemia in selected endocrine disorders

Česká verzia

Authors: M. Šatný; M. Vráblík
Authors place of work: Centrum preventivní kardiologie III. interní kliniky – kliniky endokrinologie a metabolismu 1. LF UK a VFN v Praze
Published in the journal: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2018, 20(3): 188-196

Summary

Plasma hormone concentrations are closely linked to lipid metabolism, which may be affected both positively and negatively by the hormones. These changes may occur in the context of a different endocrine disorder (prolactinoma, growth hormone deficiency, acromegaly, thyroid disorders, hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome etc.) or during the administration of various hormones in different clinical indications (hormone replacement therapy in menopause, hormonal contraceptives or androgen deprivation therapy). Dyslipidaemia seen in prolactinomas, growth hormone deficiency, male hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome, androgen deprivation therapy or oestrogen deficiency may contribute to an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. An adequate causal treatment is always the first step. If this does not lead to amelioration of the dyslipidaemia, starting an appropriate lipid-lowering therapy after evaluating the individual cardiovascular risk should be considered.

Key words:

dyslipidaemia – endocrine disorders – cardiovascular risk – lipid-lowering therapy

Zdroje

1. Feingold K, Brinton EA, Grunfeld C at al. The effect of endocrine disorders on lipids and lipoproteins. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K et al. (eds). South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com 2000. Available at: https:/ / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/ NBK409608.

2. Pelkonen R, Nikkilä EA, Grahne B. Serum lipids, postheparin plasma lipase activities and glucose tolerance in patients with prolactinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1982; 16(4): 383– 390.

3. Ling C, Svensson L, Odén B et al. Identification of functional prolactin (PRL) receptor gene expression: PRL inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity in human white adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(4): 1804– 1808. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2002-021137.

4. Pala A, Laway BA, Misgar RA et al. Metabolic abnormalities in patients with prolactinoma: response to treatment with cabergoline. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7(1): 99. doi: 10.1186/ s13098-015-0094-4.

5. Kamath V, Jones CN, Yip JC et al. Effects of a quick-release form of bromocriptine (Ergoset) on fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, lipid, and lipoprotein concentrations in obese nondiabetic hyperinsulinemic women. Diabetes Care 1997; 20(11): 1697– 1701.

6. Parini P, Angelin B, Lobie PE et al. Growth hormone specifically stimulates the expression of low density lipoprotein receptors in human hepatoma cells. Endocrinology 1995; 136(9): 3767– 3773. doi: 10.1210/ endo.136.9.7649083.

7. Rudling M, Norstedt G, Olivecrona H et al. Importance of growth hormone for the induction of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89(15): 6983– 6987.

8. Lind S, Rudling M, Ericsson S et al. Growth hormone induces low-density lipoprotein clearance but not bile acid synthesis in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24(2): 349– 356. doi: 10.1161/ 01.ATV.0000110657.67317.90.

9. Christ ER, Cummings MH, Jackson N et al. Effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy on low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B100 kinetics in adult patients with GH deficiency: a stable isotope study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(4): 1801– 1807. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2003-031474.

10. Cummings MH, Christ E, Umpleby AM et al. Abnormalities of very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism contribute to the dyslipidaemia of adult growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(6): 2010– 2013.

11. Christ ER, Cummings MH, Albany E et al. Effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy on very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B100 kinetics in patients with adult GH deficiency: a stable isotope study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84(1): 307– 316. doi: 10.1210/ jcem.84.1.5365.

12. Newman CB, Carmichael JD, Kleinberg DL. Effects of low dose versus high dose human growth hormone on body composition and lipids in adults with GH deficiency: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. Pituitary 2015; 18(3): 297– 305. doi: 10.1007/ s11102-014-0571-z.

13. Tao R, Acquati F, Marcovina SM et al. Human growth hormone increases apo(a) expression in transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19(10): 2439– 2447.

14. Gazzaruso C, Gola M, Karamouzis I et al. Cardiovascular risk in adult patients with growth hormone (gh) deficiency and following substitution with gh – an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99(1): 18– 29. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2013-2394.

15. Svensson J, Bengtsson BA, Rosén T et al. Malignant disease and cardiovascular morbidity in hypopituitary adults with or without growth hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(7): 3306– 3312. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2003-031601.

16. Holmer H, Svensson J, Rylander L et al. Nonfatal stroke, cardiac disease, and diabetes mellitus in hypopituitary patients on hormone replacement including growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(9): 3560– 3567.

17. van Bunderen CC, van Nieuwpoort IC, Arwert LIet al. Does growth hormone replacement therapy reduce mortality in adults with growth hormone deficiency? Data from the dutch national registry of growth hormone treatment in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(10): 3151– 3159. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2011-1215.

18. Arosio M, Sartore G, Rossi CM et al. LDL physical properties, lipoprotein and Lp(a) levels in acromegalic patients. Effects of octreotide therapy. Italian Multicenter Octreotide Study Group. Atherosclerosis 2000; 151(2): 551– 557.

19. Nikkilä EA, Pelkonen R. Serum lipids in acromegaly. Metabolism 1975; 24(7): 829– 838.

20. Boero L, Manavela M, Meroño T at al. GH levels and insulin sensitivity are differently associated with biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in active acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 2012; 77(4): 579– 585. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2265.2012.04414.x.

21. Beentjes JA, van Tol A, Sluiter WJ et al. Low plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activities in growth hormone deficient and acromegalic men: role in altered high density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2000; 153(2): 491– 498.

22. Tan KC, Shiu SW, Janus ED et al. LDL subfractions in acromegaly: relation to growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I. Atherosclerosis 1997; 129(1): 59– 65.

23. Mosca S, Paolillo S, Colao A et al. Cardiovascular involvement in patients affected by acromegaly: an appraisal. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167(5): 1712– 1718. doi: 10.1016/ j.ijcard.2012.11.109.

24. Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P et al. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev 2004; 25(1): 102– 152. doi: 10.1210/ er.2002-0022.

25. Duntas LH, Brenta G. The effect of thyroid disorders on lipid levels and metabolism. Med Clin North Am 2012; 96(2): 269– 281. doi: 10.1016/ j.mcna.2012.01.012.

26. Šatný M, Vrablík M. Sekundární dyslipidemie. AtheroRev 2017; 2(3): 162– 168.

27. Pearce EN. Update in lipid alterations in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97(2): 326– 333. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2011-2532.

28. Wiersinga WM. Adult hypothyroidism. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K et al. (eds). South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com 2000. Available at: https:/ / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/ NBK285561.

29. Meier C, Staub JJ, Roth CB et al. TSH-controlled L-thyroxine therapy reduces cholesterol levels and clinical symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial (Basel Thyroid Study). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(10): 4860– 4866. doi: 10.1210/ jcem.86.10.7973.

30. Garber J, Cobin R, Gharib H et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the american association of clinical endocrinologists and the american thyroid association. Endocr Pract 2012; 18(6): 988– 1028. doi: 10.4158/ EP12280.GL.

31. Whitsel EA, Boyko EJ, Matsumoto AM et al. Intramuscular testosterone esters and plasma lipids in hypogonadal men: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2001; 111(4): 261– 269.

32. Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Greco EA et al. Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63(3): 280– 293. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2265.2005.02339.x.

33. Haddad RM, Kennedy CC, Caples SM et al. Testosterone and cardiovascular risk in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82(1): 29– 39. doi: 10.4065/ 82.1.29.

34. Webb OL, Laskarzewski PM, Glueck CJ. Severe depression of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in weight lifters and body builders by self-administered exogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Metabolism 1984; 33(11): 971– 975.

35. Hurley BF, Seals DR, Hagberg JM et al. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in bodybuilders v powerlifters. Negative effects of androgen use. JAMA 1984; 252(4): 507– 513.

36. Dixit KC, Wu J, Smith LB et al. Androgens and coronary artery disease. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K et al. (eds). South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com 2015. Available at: https:/ / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/ ?term=Dixit+KC+et+al.+Androgens+and+coronary+artery+disease.

37. Layton JB, Meier CR, Sharpless JL et al. Comparative safety of testosterone dosage forms. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175(7): 1187– 1196. doi: 10.1001/ jamainternmed.2015.1573.

38. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(2): 109– 122. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1000485.

39. Srinivas-Shankar U, Roberts SA, Connolly MJ et al. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95(2): 639– 650. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2009-1251.

40. Basaria S, Harman SM, Travison TG et al. Effects of testosterone administration for 3 years on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in older men with low or low-normal testosterone levels: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 314(6): 570– 581. doi: 10.1001/ jama.2015.8881.

41. Borst SE, Shuster JJ, Zou B et al. Cardiovascular risks and elevation of serum DHT vary by route of testosterone administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014; 12: 211. doi: 10.1186/ s12916-014-0211-5.

42. Godsland IF. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: analysis of studies published from 1974– 2000. Fertil Steril 2001; 75(5): 898– 915.

43. The writing group for the PEPI trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/ progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/ Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1995; 273(3): 199– 208.

44. Darling GM, Johns JA, McCloud PI et al. Estrogen and progestin compared with simvastatin for hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(9): 595– 601. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM199708283370903.

45. Tsuda M, Sanada M, Nakagawa H et al. Phenotype of apolipoprotein E influences the lipid metabolic response of postmenopausalwomen to hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2001; 38(3): 297– 304.

46. Kim JJ, Choi YM. Dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obst Gynecol Sci 2013; 56(3): 137– 142. doi: 10.5468/ ogs.2013.56.3.137.

47. Wild RA. Dyslipidemia in PCOS. Steroids 2012; 77(4): 295– 299. doi: 10.1016/ j.steroids.2011.12.002.

48. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/ progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280(7): 605– 613.

49. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/ progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288(1): 49– 57.

50. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(6): 523– 534. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa030808.

51. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291(14): 1701– 1712. doi: 10.1001/ jama.291.14.1701.

52. Manson JAE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststop-ping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2013; 310(13): 1353– 1368. doi: 10.1001/ jama.2013.278040.

53. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297(13): 1465– 1477. doi: 10.1001/ jama.297.13.1465.

54. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Greyber E et al. Brief report: Coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21(4): 363– 366. doi: 10.1111/ j.1525-1497.2006.00389.x.

55. Schierbeck LL, Rejnmark L, Tofteng CL et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial. BMJ 2012; 345(2); e6409. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.e6409.

56. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Henderson VW et al. Vascular effects of early versus late postmenopausal treatment with estradiol. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(13): 1221– 1231. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1505241.

57. Pines A. KEEPS results: a true frustration? Climacteric 2015; 18(2): 110– 111. doi: 10.3109/ 1369 7137.2015.1007602.

58. Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM et al. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (8): CD011054. doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD011054.pub2.

59. Chakhtoura Z, Canonico M, Gompel A et al. Progestogen-only contraceptives and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(4): 1169– 1174. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2010-2065.

60. Peragallo UR, Coeytaux RR, McBroom AJ et al. Risk of acute thromboembolic events with oral contraceptive use. Obst Gynecol 2013; 122 (2 Pt 1): 380– 389. doi: 10.1097/ AOG.0b013e3182994c43.

61. Zhao L, Zhu Z, Lou H at al. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD): a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016; 7(23): 33715– 33721. doi: 10.18632/ oncotarget.9553.

62. de Groot PC, Dekkers OM, Romijn JA et al. PCOS, coronary heart disease, stroke and the influence of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17(4): 495– 500. doi: 10.1093/ humupd/ dmr001.

63. Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Introduction to lipids and lipoproteins. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G,Dungan K et al. (eds). South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com 2015. Available at: https:/ / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/ ?term=Feingold+KR%2C+Grunfeld+C.+Introduction+to+lipids+and+lipoproteins.

64. Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it's not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(4): 885– 893. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2010-2061.

65. Applebaum-Bowden D, McLean P, Steinmetz Aet al. Lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and lipolytic enzyme changes following estrogen administration in postmenopausal women. J Lipid Res 1989; 30(12): 1895– 1906.

66. Lopez D, McLean MP. Estrogen regulation of the scavenger receptor class B gene: Anti-atherogenic or steroidogenic, is there a priority? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 247(1– 2): 22– 33. doi: 10.1016/ j.mce.2005.10.005.