#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Spondylotic Cervical Myelopathy


Authors: Z. Kadaňka
Authors place of work: Neurologická klinika LF MU a FN Brno
Published in the journal: Cesk Slov Neurol N 2010; 73/106(3): 209-226
Category: Minimonography

Summary

Spondylogenic cervical myelopathy (SCM) is a serious disease of the spinal cord of unknown prevalence, but it is not rare, and although a full 40 years have passed since its discovery it remains underdiagnosed. It the most frequent myelopathy in subjects over 50 years of age. It is a consequence of progressive cervical spondylosis involving the osseous, fibrous and cartilaginous structures of the spine and producing stenosis of the canal together with static or dynamic compression of the cord. The clinical picture is extremely variable. MRI and myelo/ CT are the best diagnostic tools. Therapy of this potentially devastating disease is still unsatisfactory because of a lack of knowledge about predictive factors for good outcomes from conservative treatment or surgery, while optimal timing for surgery is also ambiguous. The authors summarise the history of the disease and approaches to it, address the current state of knowledge, and add the results of their own experience.

Key words:
spondylotic cervical myelopathy – cervical spondylosis


Zdroje

1. Brain WR, Northfield D, Wilkinson M. The neurological manifestations of cervical spondylosis. Brain 1952; 75(2): 187– 225.

2. Bailey P, Casamajor L. Osteoarthritis of the spine as cause of compression of the spinal cord and its roots with reports of five cases. J Nerv Ment Dis 1911; 38: 588– 609.

3. Stookey B. Compression of the spinal cord due to ventral extradural cervical chondromas: Diagnosis and surgical treatment. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1928; 20: 275– 291.

4. Dandy W. Loose cartilage from intervertebral disk simulating tumor of the spinal cord. Arch Surg 1929; 19: 660– 672.

5. Peet MM, Echols DH. Herniation of the nucleus pulposus: Cause of compression of spinal cord. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1934; 432: 924– 932.

6. Mixter WJ, Barr JS. Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal. N Engl J Med 1934; 211: 210– 215.

7. Frykholm R. Cervical nerve root compression resulting from disc degeneration and root‑ sleeve fibrosis. Acta Chir Scand 1951; 160: 1– 147.

8. Mair WG, Druckman R. The pathology of spinal cord lesions and their relation to the cervical features in protrusion of the cervical intervertebral disc. Brain 1953; 76(1): 70– 91.

9. Taylor AR. Mechanism and treatment of spinal‑ cord disorders associated with cervical spondylosis. Lancet 1953; 1(6763): 717– 720.

10. Clark E, Robinson PK. Cervical myelopathy: a complication of cervical spondylosis. Brain 1956; 79: 483– 505.

11. Bailey RW, Badgley CE. Stabilization of the cervical spine by anterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1960; 42: 535– 624.

12. Robinson RA, Smith GW. Anterolateral cervical disc removal and interbody fusion for cervical disc syndrome. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1955; 96: 223– 224.

13. Cloward RB. The anterior approach for removal of ruptured cervical discs. J Neurosurg 1958; 15: 602– 617.

14. Hirsch C. Cervical disk rupture: diagnosis and therapy. Acta Orthop Scand 1960; 30: 172– 186.

15. Hirabayashi K, Watanabe K, Wakano K, Suzuki N,Satomi K, Ishii Y. Expansive open‑ door laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy. Spine 1983; 8: 693– 699.

16. Itoh T, Tsuji H. Technical improvement and results of laminoplasty for compressive myelopathy in the cervical spine. Spine 1980; 10: 729– 736.

17. Kurokawa T, Tsuyama N, Tanaka H. Enlargement of the spinal canal by the sagittal splitting of the spinous process. Bessatsu Seikeigeka 1982; 2: 234– 240.

18. Hosono N, Sakaura H, Mukai Y, Fujii R, Yoshikawa H.C3– 6 laminoplasty takes over C3– 7 laminoplasty with significantly lower incidence of axial neck pain. Eur Spine J 2006; 15(9): 1375– 1379.

19. Scott JE, Bosworth TR, Cribb AM, Taylor JR. The chemical morphology of age‑related changes in human intervertebral disc glucosaminoglycans from cervical, thoracic and lumbar nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus. J Anat 1994; 184(1): 73– 82.

20. Ogata K, Whiteside LA. Nutritional pathways of then intervertebral disc. An experimental study using hydrogen washout technique. Spine 1981; 6: 211– 216.

21. Holm S, Nachemson A. Immediate effects of cigarette smoke on the nutrition of the intervertebral disc of the pig. Orthop Trans 1984; 8: 380.

22. Holm S, Nachemson A. Nutritional changes in the canine intervertebral disc after spinal fusion. Clin Orthop 1982; 169: 243– 258.

23. Monier VM, Sell DR, Hochfarmer J, Moskovitz R. Posttranslational protein modification by the Maillard reaction: relevance to aging of the extracellular matrix molecules. In: Buckwalter JA, Goldberg VM, Woo SLY (eds). Musculoskeletal soft tissue aging: impact on mobility. Rosemont: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 1993: 49– 59.

24. Bywaters EGL. The pathological anatomy of idiopathic low back pain. In: White AA III, Gordon SL (eds). American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1982: 144– 177.

25. Hirabayashi K, Miyakawa J, Satomi K, Maruayama T,Wakano K. Operative results and postoperative progression of ossification among patients with ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine 1981; 6(4): 354– 364.

26. Ohtsuka K, Terayama K, Yanagihara M, Wada K, Kasuga K, Machida T et al. An epidemiological survey on ossification of ligaments in the cevical and thoracic spine in individuals over 50 years of age. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 1986; 60(11): 1087– 1098.

27. McAfee PC, Regan JJ, Bohlman HH. Cervical cord compression from ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in non‑orientals. J Bone Joint Surg 1987; 69(4): 569– 575.

28. Epstein NE. The surgical management of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 43 North Americans. Spine 1994; 19(6): 664– 672.

29. Videman T, Nurminen M, Troup JD. Lumbar spinal pathology in cadaveric material in relation to history of back pain, occupation, and physical loading. Spine 1990; 15(8): 728– 740.

30. Heliövaara M, Vanharanta H, Korpi J et al. Herniated lumbar disc syndrome and vertebral canals. In: Heliövaara M (ed). Epidemiology of sciatica and herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Helsinki: Social Insurance Institution 1988: 433– 435.

31. Wolf BS, Khilnani M, Malis LI. The sagittal diameter of bony cervical spinal canal and its significance in cervical spondylosis. J Mt Sinai Hosp 1956; 23(3): 283– 292.

32. Adams CB, Logue V. Studies in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. II. The movement and contour of the spine in relation to the neural complications of cervical spondylosis. Brain 1971; 94(3): 560– 586.

33. Epstein BS, Epstein JA, Jones MD. Cervical spinal stenosis. Radiol Clin North Am 1977; 15(2): 215– 226.

34. Countee RW, Vijayanathan T. Congenital stenosis of the cervical spine: diagnosis and management. J Nat Med Assoc 1979; 71(3): 257– 264.

35. Pavlov H, Torg JS, Robie B, Jahre C. Cervical spinal stenosis: determination with vertebral body ratio method. Radiology 1987; 164(3): 771– 775.

36. Taylor AR. Vascular factor in the myelopathy associated with cervical spondylosis. Neurology 1964; 14: 62– 68.

37. Doppman JL. The mechanism of ischemia in anteroposterior compression of the spinal cord. Invest Radiol 1990; 25(4): 444– 452.

38. Bohlman HH, Emery SE. The pathophysiology of cervical spondylosis and myelopathy. Spine 1998; 13(7): 843– 847.

39. Gooding MR. Pathogenesis of myelopathy in cervical spondylosis. Lancet 1974; 2(7890): 1180– 1181.

40. Wilkinson M. The morbid anatomy of cervical spondylosis and myelopathy. Brain 1960; 83: 589– 617.

41. Brown RH, Schauble JF, Miller NR. Anemia and hypotension as contributors to perioperative loss of vision. Anaesthesiology 1994; 80(1): 222– 226.

42. Williams EL, Hart WM, Templehoff R. Postoperative optic neuropaty. Anesth Analg 1995; 80(5): 1018– 1029.

43. Myers MA, Hamilton SR, Bogosian AJ, Smith CH, Wagner TA. Visual loss as a complication of spine surgery. Spine 1997; 22(12): 1325– 1329.

44. Kawaguchi T, Fujita S, Hosoda K, Shibata Y, Iwakura M, Tamaki N. Rotational occlusion of the vertebral artery by transverse process hyperrotation and unilateral apophyseal point subluxation. Case report. J Neurosurg 1997; 86(6): 1031– 1035.

45. Oga M, Yuge I, Terada K, Shimizu K, Sugioka Y. Tortuosity of the vertebral Artury in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Risk factor of vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical decompression. Spine 1996; 21(9): 1085– 1089.

46. Lesoin F, Bouasakao N, Clarisse J, Rouseaux M, Jomin M. Results of surgical treatment of radiculomyelopathy caused by cervical arthrosis based on 1000 operations. Surg Neurol 1985; 23(4): 350– 355.

47. Chozick BS, Watson P, Greenblatt SH. Internal carotid artery thrombosis after cervical corpectomy. Spine 1994; 19(19): 2230– 2232.

48. Taylor AR. The mechanism of injury to the spinal cord in the neck without damane to the vertebral column. J Bone Joint Surg 1951; 33(4): 543– 547.

49. Waltz TA. Physical factors in the production of the myelopathy of cervical spondylosis. Brain 1967; 90(2): 395– 404.

50. Kelsey JL. An epidemiological study of the relationship between occupations and acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Int J Epidemiol 1975; 4(3): 197– 205.

51. Porter RW. Does hard work prevent disc protrusions? Clin Biomech 1987; 2: 196– 198.

52. Bigos SJ, Spengler DM, Martin NA, Zeh J, Fisher L, Nachemson A. Back injuries in industry: a retrospective study III. Employee‑related factors. Spine 1986; 11(3): 252– 256.

53. Magora A. Investigation of the relation between low back pain and occupation. 3. Physical requirements: sitting, standing and weight lifting. IMS Ind Med Surg 1972; 41(12): 5– 9.

54. Kelsey JL, Hardy RJ. Driving of motor vehicles as a risk factor for acute herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Am J Epidemiol 1975; 102(1): 63– 73.

55. Damkot DK, Pope MH, Lord J, Frymoyer JW. The relationship between work history, work environment and low‑ back pain in men. Spine 1984; 9(4): 395– 399.

56. Troup JD, Roantree WB, Archibald RM. Survey of causes of lumbar spinal diasability. A methodological study. New Scientist 1970; 8: 65– 67.

57. Boden BP, Jarvis CG. Spinal injuries in sports. Neurol Clin 2008; 26(1): 63– 78.

58. Bigos SJ, Battié MC, Spengler DM, Fisher LD, Fordyce WE, Hansson TH et al. A prospective study of work preceptions and psychosocial factors affecting the report of back injury. Spine 1986; 16(1): 1– 6.

59. Brain WR, Wilkinson M. Cervical spondylosis and other disorders of the cervical spine. London: William Heinemann 1967: 232.

60. Gregorius FK, Estrin T, Crandall PH. Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy. Arch Neurol 1976; 33(9): 618– 625.

61. Sadasivan KK, Reddy RP, Albright JA. The natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Yale J Biol Med 1993; 66(3): 235– 242.

62. Kadaňka Z, Bednařík J, Voháňka S, Vlach O. Spondylotic cervical myelopathy: a clinical update. Scripta Medica 1996; 65: 157– 172.

63. Simeone FA, Rothman RH. Cervical disc disease. In: Rothman RH, Simeone FA (eds). The Spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1982: 440– 476.

64. Montgomery DM, Brower RS. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Clinical syndrome and naural history. Orthop Clin North Am 1992; 23(3): 487– 493.

65. Moore AP; Blumhardt LD. A prospective survey of the causes of non‑traumatic spastic paraparesis and tetraparesis in 585 patients. Spinal Cord 1997; 35(6): 361– 367.

66. Good DC, Couch JR, Wacaser L. Numb, clumsy hands and high cervical spondylosis. Surg Neurol 1984; 22(3): 285– 291.

67. Ono K, Ebera S, Fuji T, Yonenobu K, Fujiwara K, Yamashita K. Myelopathy hand: New clinical signs of cervical cord damage. J Bone Joint Surg 1987; 69(2): 215– 219.

68. Ebara S, Yonenobu K, Fujivara F, Yamashita K, Ono K. Myelopathy hand characterized by muscle wasting. Spine 1988; 13(7): 785– 791.

69. Gorter K. Influence of laminectomy on the course of cervical myelopathy. Acta Neurochir 1976; 33(3– 4): 265– 281.

70. Crandall PH, Batzdorf U. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg 1966; 25(1): 57– 66.

71. Bernhardt M, Hynes RA, Blume HW, White AA jr. Current concepts review. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg 1993; 75(1): 119– 128.

72. Law MD jr, Bernhardt M, White AA jr. Evaluation and management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76A: 1420– 1433.

73. Epstein N, Epstein J, Carras R. Cervical spondylostenosis and related disorders in patients over 65: current management and diagnostic techniques. Orthotransactions 1987; 11: 15.

74. Hult L. Cervical, dorsal and lumbar spinal syndromes: a field investigation of a non‑selected material of 1200 workers in different occupations with special reference to disc degeneration and so‑ called muscular rheumatism.. Acta Orthop Scand 1954; 17 (Suppl): 1– 102.

75. Horal J. The clinical appearance of low back disorders in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. Comparison of incapacitated probands with matched controls. Acta Orthop Scand 1969; 118 (Suppl): 1– 109.

76. Epstein JA. Management of cervical spinal stenosis, spondylosis, and myeloradiculopathy. In: Tindall GT (ed). Contemporary neurosurgery. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1985: 1– 6.

77. LaRocca H. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: natural history. Spine 1988; 13(7): 854– 855.

78. Epstein JA, Janin Y, Carras R, Lavine IS. A comparative study of the treatment of the cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Experience with 50 cases treated by means of extensive laminectomy, foraminotomy, and excision of osteophytes during the past 10 years. Acta Neurochir 1982; 61(1– 3): 89– 104.

79. Symon L, Lavender P. The surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurosurg 1967; 17(2): 117– 127.

80. Lees F, Turner JW. Natural history and prognosis of cervical spondylosis. Br Med J 1963; 2(5373): 1607– 1610.

81. Nurick S. The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Brain 1972; 95(1): 87– 100.

82. Epstein JA, Epstein NE. The surgical management of cervical spinal stenosis, spondylosis, and myeloradiculopathy by means of the posterior approach. In: Cervical Spine Editorial Committee (eds). The Cervical spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: LB Lippincott 1989: 625– 643.

83. Batzdorf U. Complex cervical myelopathies. In: Frymoyer JW (ed). The adult spine; principles and practice. New York: Raven Press 1991: 1207– 1218.

84. Kadanka Z, Bednarík J, Vohánka S, Vlach O. Stav operační terapie spondylogenní cervikální myelopatie v České a Slovenské republice v roce 1994. Rozhl Chir 1996; 75(11): 535– 540.

85. Teresi LM, Lufkin RB, Reicher MA, Moffit BJ, Vinuela FV, Wilson GM et al. Asymptomatic degenerative disk disease and spondylosis of the cervical spine. MR imaging. Radiology 1987; 164(1): 83– 88.

86. Modic MT, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ. Imaging of degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989; 239: 109– 120.

87. Bonek R, Orlicka K, Macijek Z. Demyelinating lesions in the cervical cord in multiplex sclerosis 10 years after onset of the disease. Correlation between MRI parameters and clinical course. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2007; 41(3): 229– 233.

88. Selviaridis P, Zountsas B, Chatzisotiriou A, Zaraboukas T, Gerdemeli A. Demyelinitating plaque imitates an intramedullary tumour. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007; 109(10): 905– 909.

89. White JB, Miller GM, Lakton KF, Krauss WE. Nonenhancing tumors of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg Spine 2007; 7(4): 403– 407.

90. Baek WS, Desai NP. ALS: pitfalls in the diagnosis. Pract Neurol 2007; 7(2): 74– 81.

91. Zevgaridis D, Medele RJ, Hamburger C, Steiger HJ, Reulen HJ. Cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999; 141(3): 237– 245.

92. Waziri A, Vonsattel JP, Kaiser MG, Anderson RC. Expansile, enhancing cervical cord lesion with an associated syrinx secondary to demyelination. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine 2007; 6(1): 52– 56.

93. Epstein NE, Hyman R, Epstein JA, Rosenthal AD. “Dynamic” MRI scanning of the cervical spine. Spine 1988; 13(8): 937– 938.

94. Fujiwara K, Yonenobu K, Ebara S, Yamashita K, Ono K. The prognosis of surgery for cervical compression myelopathy An analysis of the factors involved. J Bone Joint Surg 1989; 71(3): 393– 398.

95. Koyanagi T, Hirabayashi K, Satomi K, Toyama V, Fujimura Y. Predicability of operative results of cervical compression myelopathy on preoperative computed tomographic myelography. Spine 1993; 18(14): 1958– 1963.

96. Kadanka Z, Bednarík J, Vohánka S, Vlach O, Stejskal L, Chaloupka R et al. Conservative treatment vs surgery in spondylotic cervical myelopathy: prospective randomised study. Eur Spine J 2000; 9(6): 538– 544.

97. Adams C. Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 26th ed. Amsterdam: North‑ Holland Publishing 1976: 97– 112.

98. Okada Y, Ikata T, Katoh S, Yamada H. Morphologic analysis of the cervical spinal cord, dural tube, and spinal canal by magnetic resonance in normal adults and patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine 1994; 19(20): 2331– 2335.

99. Tsurumi T, Goto N, Shibata M, Goto J, Kamiyama A. A morphological comparison of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2005; 81(6): 119– 122.

100. Kadanka Z, Kerkovsky M, Bednarik J, Jarkovsky J. Cross‑ sectional transverse area and hyperintensities on MR in relation to the clinical picture in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine 2007; 32(23): 2573– 2577.

101. Hamburger C, Büttner A, Uhl E. The cross‑ sectional area of the cervical spinal canal in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Correlation of preoperative and postoperative area with clinical symptoms. Spine 1997; 22(17): 1990– 1995.

102. Takahashi M, Sakamoto Y, Miyawaki M, Bussaka H.Increased MR signal intensity secondary to chronic cervical cord compression. Neuroradiology 1987; 29(6): 550– 556.

103. Mehalic TF, Pezzut RT, Appelbaum BI. Magnetic resonance imaging and cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurosurgery 1990; 26(2): 217– 227.

104. Haupts M, Haan J. Further aspects of MR‑ signal enhancements in stenosis of the cervical spinal canal. MRI investigations in correlation to clinical and CSF findings. Neuroradiology 1988; 30(6): 545– 546.

105. Matsuda Y, Miyazaki K, Tada K, Yasuda A, Nakayama T, Murakami H et al. Increased MR signal intensity due to cervical myelopathy. Analysis of 29 surgical cases. J Neurosurg 1991; 74(6): 887– 892.

106. Yagi M, Ninomiya K, Kihara M, Horiuchi Y. Long‑term surgical outcome and risk factors in patients with cervical myelopathy and change in signal intensity of intramedullary spinal cord on Magnetic Resonance imaging. J Neurosurg Spine 2010; 12(1): 59– 65.

107. Kohno K, Kumon Y, Oka Y, Matsui S, Ohu S, Sasaki S. Evaluation of prognostic factors following expansive laminoplasty fr cervical stenotic myelopathy. Surg Neurol 1997; 48(3): 237– 245.

108. Bucciero A, Vizioli L, Carangelo B, Tedeschi G. MR signal enhancement in cervical spondylotic myellopathy. Correlation with surgical results in 35 cases. J Neurochir Sci 1993; 37(4): 217– 222.

109. Matsumoto M, Toyama Y, Ishikawa M, Chiba K, Suzuki N, Fujimora Y. Increase signal intensity of the spinal cord on magnetic resonance images in cervical compressive myelopathy. Does it predict the outcome of conservative treatment? Spine 2000; 25(6): 677– 682.

110. Singh A, Crockard HA, Platts A, Stevens J. Clinical and radiological correlates of severity and surgery‑related outcome in cervical spondylosis. J Neruosurg 2001; 94 (Suppl 2): 189– 198.

111. Chatley A, Kumar R, Jain VK, Behari S, Sahu RN. Effect of spinal cord signal intensity changes on clinical outcome after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11(5): 562– 567.

112. Wada E, Yonenobu K, Suzuki S. Can intramedullary signal change on MRI predict surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Spine 1999; 24(5): 455– 461.

113. Morio Y, Teshima R, Nagashima H, Nawata K,Yamasaki D, Nanjo Y. Correlation between operative outcomes of cervical compression myelopathy and MRI of the spinal cord. Spine 2001; 26(11): 1238– 1245.

114. Penning L, Wilmink JT, Van Woerden HH, Knol E.CT myelographic findings in degenerative disorders of the cervical spine: clinical significance. AJR Am J Neuroradiol 1986; 146(4): 793– 801.

115. Restuccia D, Di Lazzaro V, Valeriani M, Aulisa L, Galli M, Tonali P et al. The role of upper limb somatosensory evoked potentials in the management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 92(6): 502– 509.

116. Bednarík J, Kadanka Z, Vohánka S, Stejskal L, Vlach O, Schröder R. The value of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials in predicting and monitoring the effect of the therapy in spondylotic cervical myelopathy. Prospective randomised study. Spine 1999; 24(15): 1593– 1598.

117. Bednarík J, Kadanka Z, Vohánka S, Novotný O, Surelová D, Filipovicová D et al. The value of smotatosensory and motor evoked potentials in pre‑clinical cervical cord compression. Eur Spine J 1998; 7(6): 493– 500.

118. Yonenobu K, Okada K, Fuji T, Fujiwara K, Yamashita K, Ono K. Causes of neurologic deterioration following surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy. Spine 1986; 11(8): 818– 823.

119. Benzel EC, Lancon J, Kesterson L, Hadden T. Cervical laminectomy and dentate ligament section for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Spin Disord 1991; 4(3): 286– 295.

120. Murphy MJ, Lieponis JV. Nonoperative treatment of cervical spine pain. In: Cervical Spine Editorial Committee (eds). The Cervical spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: LB Lippincott 1989: 670– 677.

121. Wilson SP, Iacobo C, Rocco AG, Ferrante FM, Lipson SJ. Cervical epidural steroid injection (CESI): Clinical classification as predictor of clinical outcome. New Orleans 1989.

122. Sloop PR, Smith DS, Goldenberg E, Dore C. Manipulation for chronic neck pain. Spine 1982; 7(6): 532– 535.

123. Toto BJ. Cervical spondylitic myelopathy: a case report. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1986; 9(1): 43– 46.

124. Smith GW, Robinson RA. The treatment of certain cervical spine disorders by anterior removal of the intervertebral disc and interbody fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1958; 40(3): 607– 624.

125. Bailey RW, Badgley CE. Stabilization of the cervical spine by anterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1960; 42A: 565– 594.

126. Bernard TN jr, Whitecloud TS jr. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy and myeloradiculopathy. Anterior decompression stabilization with autogenous fibula strut graft. Clin Orthop 1987; 221: 149– 160.

127. Hanai K, Fujiyoshi F, Kamei K. Subtotal vertebrectomy and spinal vision for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine 1986; 11(4): 310– 315.

128. Teramoto T, Ohmori K, Takatsu T, Inoure H, Ishida Y, Suzuki K. Long‑term results of the anterior cervical spondylodesis. Neurosurgery 1994; 35(1): 64– 68.

129. Williams KE, Paul R, Dewan Y. Functional outcome of corpectomy in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Indian J Orthop 2009; 43(2): 205– 209.

130. Goto S, Mochizuki M, Kita T, Kobayashi Y, Sodeyama T, Watanabe T et al. Anterior surgery in four consecutive technical phases for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine 1993; 18(14): 1968– 1973.

131. Cheng SC, Yen CH, Kwok TK, Wong WC, Mak KH. Anterior spinal fusion versus laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a retrospective review. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2009; 17(3): 265– 268.

132. Hukuda S, Ogata M, Mochizuki T, Shichikawa K.Laminectomy versus laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy: brief report. J Bone Joint Surg 1988; 70(2): 325– 326.

133. Emery SE. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001; 9(6): 376– 388.

134. Pang CH, Leung HB, Yen CH. Laminoplasty after anterior spinal fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2009; 17(3): 269– 274.

135. Mochizuki M, Aiba A, Hashimoto M, Fujiyoshi T,Yamazaki M. Cervical myelopathy in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Neurorochir Spine 2009; 10(2): 122– 128.

136. Boni M, Cherubino P, Benazzof J. Multiple subtotal somatectomy. Technique and evaluation in a series of thirty‑ nine cases. Spine 1984; 9(4): 358– 362.

137. Saunders RL, Bernini PM, Shirreffs TG, Reeves AG. Central corpectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a consecutive series with long‑term follow up evaluation. J Neurosurg 1991; 74(2): 163– 170.

138. Isu T, Minoshima S, Mabuchi S. Anterior decompression and fusuion using bone grafts obtained from cervical vertebral bodies for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine: technical note. Neurosurgery 1997; 40(4): 866– 870.

139. Jho HD. Spinal cord decompression via microsurgical foraminotomy for spondylotic cervical myelopathy. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 1997; 40(4): 124– 129.

140. Hidai Y, Ebara S, Kamimura M, Tateiwa Y, Itoh H,Kinoshita T et al. Treatment of cervical compressive myelopathy with a new dorsolateral decompressive procedure. J Neurosurg 1999; 90(2): 178– 185.

141. George B, Gauthier N, Lot G. Multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy treated by multilevel oblique corpectomies without fusion. Neurosurgery 1999; 44(1): 81– 90.

142. Dalbayrak S, Yilmaz M, Naderi S. “Skip” corpectomy in the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy and ossified posterior longitudinal ligament. J Neurosurg Spine 2010; 12(1): 33– 38.

143. Tani S, Homma T, Uchikado H, Nagashima H, Isoshima A, Ohhasi H et al. New surgical technique to secure the bone strut during anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion: kusabi fixation technique‑technical note. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2010; 50(1): 83– 86.

144. Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, Fujimoto Y, Sasaki H, Kamei N, Hamasaki T et al. Clinical results of cervical myelopathy in patients older than 80 years of age:evaluation of spinal function with motor evoked potentials. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11(4): 421– 426.

145. Kikuike K, Miyamoto K, Hoste H, Shimizu K. One‑staged combined cervical and lumbar decompression for patients with tandem spinal stenosis on cervical and lumbar spine: analyses of clinical outcome with minimum 3 years follow‑up. J Spinal Disord Tech 2009; 22(8): 593– 601.

146. Matz PG, Anderson PA, Groff MW, Heary RF, Holly LT, Kaiser MG et al. Cervical laminoplasty for the treatment of cervical degenerative myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11(2): 157– 169.

Štítky
Paediatric neurology Neurosurgery Neurology

Článok vyšiel v časopise

Czech and Slovak Neurology and Neurosurgery

Číslo 3

2010 Číslo 3
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#