New Trends in Diagnostics and Classification of Breast Carcinoma

1. Abdel-Fatah, T. M., Powe, D. G., Hodi, Z. et al.: High frequency of coexistence of columnar cell lesions, lobular neoplasia, and low grade ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive tubular carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2007, 31: 417–26.

2. Abdel-Fatah, T. M., Powe, D. G., Hodi, Z. et al.: Morphologic and molecular evolutionary pathways of low nuclear grade invasive breast cancers and their putative precursor lesions: further evidence to support the concept of low nuclear grade breast neoplasia family. Am J Surg Pathol, 2008, 32: 513–23.

3. Acs, G., Lawton, T. J., Rebbeck, T. R., LiVolsi, V. A., Zhang, P. J.: Differential expression of E-cadherin in lobular and ductal neoplasms of the breast and its biologic and diagnostic implications. Am J Clin Pathol, 2001, 115: 85–98.

4. Al-Kuraya, K., Schraml, P., Sheikh, S. et al.: Predominance of high-grade pathway in breast cancer development of Middle East women. Mod Pathol, 2005, 18: 891–7.

5. Barberis, M., Pellegrini, C., Cannone, M. et al.: Quantitative PCR and HER2 testing in breast cancer: a technical and cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Clin Pathol, 2008, 129: 563–70.

6. Bose, S., Mohammed, M., Shintaku, P., Rao, P. N.: Her-2/neu gene amplification in low to moderately expressing breast cancers: possible role of chromosome 17/Her-2/neu polysomy. Breast J, 2001, 7: 337–44.

7. Bratthauer, G. L., Miettinen, M., Tavassoli, F. A.: Cytokeratin immunoreactivity in lobular intraepithelial neoplasia. J Histochem Cytochem, 2003, 51: 1527–31.

8. Bratthauer, G. L., Moinfar, F., Stamatakos, M. D. et al.: Combined E-cadherin and high molecular weight cytokeratin immunoprofile differentiates lobular, ductal, and hybrid mammary intraepithelial neoplasias. Hum Pathol, 2002, 33: 620–7.

9. Bratthauer, G. L., Tavassoli, F. A. : Lobular intraepithelial neoplasia: previously unexplored aspects assessed in 775 cases and their clinical implications. Virchows Arch, 2002, 440: 134–8.

10. Brenton, J. D., Carey, L. A., Ahmed, A. A., Caldas, C.: Molecular classification and molecular forecasting of breast cancer: ready for clinical application? J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23: 7350–60.

11. Carey, L. A., Dees, E. C., Sawyer, L. et al.: The triple negative paradox: primary tumor chemosensitivity of breast cancer subtypes. Clin Cancer Res, 2007, 13: 2329–34.

12. Carey, L. A., Perou, C. M., Livasy, C. A. et al.: Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA, 2006, 295: 2492–502.

13. Cho, E. Y., Choi, Y. L., Han, J. J., Kim, K. M., Oh, Y. L.: Expression and amplification of Her2, EGFR and cyclin D1 in breast cancer: immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization. Pathol Int, 2008, 58: 17–25.

14. Choi, D. H., Shin, D. B., Lee, M. H. et al.: A comparison of five immunohistochemical biomarkers and HER-2/neu gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization in white and Korean patients with early-onset breast carcinoma. Cancer, 2003, 98: 1587–95.

15. Claus, E. B., Stowe, M., Carter, D., Holford, T.: The risk of a contralateral breast cancer among women diagnosed with ductal and lobular breast carcinoma in situ: data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. Breast, 2003, 12: 451–6.

16. Collett, K., Stefansson, I. M., Eide, J. et al.: A basal epithelial phenotype is more frequent in interval breast cancers compared with screen detected tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2005, 14: 1108–12.

17. Coyne, J. D., Dervan, P. A., Barr, L., Baildam, A. D.: Mixed apocrine/endocrine ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast coexistent with lobular carcinoma in situ. J Clin Pathol, 2001, 54: 70–3.

18. Da Silva, L., Parry, S., Reid, L. et al.: Aberrant expression of E-cadherin in lobular carcinomas of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol, 2008, 32: 773–83.

19. Dietel, M., Ellis, I. O., Hofler, H. et al.: Comparison of automated silver enhanced in situ hybridisation (SISH) and fluorescence ISH (FISH) for the validation of HER2 gene status in breast carcinoma according to the guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists. Virchows Arch, 2007, 451: 19–25.

20. Dvořáčková, J., Uvírová, M., Kerlinová, V., Kodet, R., Mrhalová, M.: Imunohistochemický (IHC) průkaz HER2 proteinu a jeho hodnocení u nemocných s karcinomy mléčné žlázy: Srovnávací studie dvou pracovních postupů (HercepTest DAKO versus běžný IHC postup s polyklonální protilátkou DAKO) a výsledků dvou pracovišť. Čes-slov Patol, 2002, 38 Suppl 1: 20–6.

21. Ellis, I. O., Bartlett, J., Dowsett, M. et al.: Best Practice No 176: Updated recommendations for HER2 testing in the UK. J Clin Pathol, 2004, 57: 233–7.

22. Fabián, P., et al. Incidence Her-2 amplifikace u mammárního karcinomu a její korelace s klinicko-patologickými parametry. Sestava 500 konsekutivních mammárních karcinomů MOÚ. Sborník: Brněnské onkologické dny a XX. Konference pro sestry a laboranty, Brno, 2006, 153.

23. Fadare, O., Dadmanesh, F., Alvarado-Cabrero, I. et al.: Lobular intraepithelial neoplasia [lobular carcinoma in situ] with comedo-type necrosis: a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 2006, 30: 1445–53.

24. Foulkes, W. D., Stefansson, I. M., Chappuis, P. O. et al.: Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2003, 95: 1482–5.

25. Fulford, L. G., Reis-Filho, J. S., Ryder, K. et al.: Basal-like grade III invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: patterns of metastasis and long-term survival. Breast Cancer Res, 2007, 9: R4.

26. Glinsky, G. V., Higashiyama, T., Glinskii, A. B.: Classification of human breast cancer using gene expression profiling as a component of the survival predictor algorithm. Clin Cancer Res, 2004, 10: 2272–83 .

27. Hicks, D. G., Kulkarni, S.: HER2+ breast cancer: review of biologic relevance and optimal use of diagnostic tools. Am J Clin Pathol, 2008, 129: 263–73.

28. Huang, H. J., Neven, P., Drijkoningen, M. et al.: Association between tumour characteristics and HER-2/neu by immunohistochemistry in 1362 women with primary operable breast cancer. J Clin Pathol, 2005, 58: 611–6.

29. Huang, H. J., Neven, P., Drijkoningen, M. et al.: Hormone receptors do not predict the HER2/neu status in all age groups of women with an operable breast cancer. Ann Oncol, 2005, 16: 1755–61.

30. Jacquemier, J., Ginestier, C., Rougemont, J. et al.: Protein expression profiling identifies subclasses of breast cancer and predicts prognosis. Cancer Res, 2005, 65: 767–79.

31. Kaplan, H. G., Malmgren, J. A.: Impact of triple negative phenotype on breast cancer prognosis. Breast J, 2008, 14: 456–63.

32. Kinkor, Z., Svitáková, I., Ryška, A., Kodet, R., Hrabal, P.: Metaplastický vřetenobuněčný (fibromatosis-like) karcinom prsu – popis 4 případů. Čes-slov Patol, 2002, 38: 164–8.

33. Koker, M. M., Kleer, C. G.: p63 expression in breast cancer: a highly sensitive and specific marker of metaplastic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2004, 28: 1506–12 .

34. Kuroda, N., Fujishima, N., Inoue, K. et al.: Basal-like carcinoma of the breast: further evidence of the possibility that most metaplastic carcinomas may be actually basal-like carcinomas. Med Mol Morphol, 2008, 41: 117–20.

35. Kusinska, R., Potemski, P., Jesionek-Kupnicka, D., Kordek, R.: Immunohistochemical identification of basal-type cytokeratins in invasive ductal breast carcinoma—relation with grade, stage, estrogen receptor and HER2. Pol J Pathol, 2005, 56: 107–10.

36. Lakhani, S. R., Audretsch, W., Cleton-Jensen, A. M. et al.: The management of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Is LCIS the same as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)? Eur J Cancer, 2006, 42: 2205–11.

37. Lakhani, S. R., Reis-Filho, J. S., Fulford, L. et al.: Prediction of BRCA1 status in patients with breast cancer using estrogen receptor and basal phenotype. Clin Cancer Res, 2005, 11: 5175–80.

38. Lewis, J. T., Ketterling, R. P., Halling, K. C. et al.: Analysis of intratumoral heterogeneity and amplification status in breast carcinomas with equivocal (2+) HER-2 immunostaining. Am J Clin Pathol, 2005, 124: 273–81.

39. Liu, H., Fan, Q., Zhang, Z. et al.: Basal-HER2 phenotype shows poorer survival than basal-like phenotype in hormone receptor-negative invasive breast cancers. Hum Pathol, 2008, 39: 167–74.

40. Livasy, C. A., Karaca, G., Nanda, R. et al.: Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol, 2006, 19: 264–71.

41. Loring, P., Cummins, R., O’Grady, A., Kay, E. W.: HER2 positivity in breast carcinoma: a comparison of chromogenic in situ hybridization with fluorescence in situ hybridization in tissue microarrays, with targeted evaluation of intratumoral heterogeneity by in situ hybridization. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol, 2005, 13: 194–200.

42. Ma, Y., Qian, Y., Wei, L. et al.: Population-based molecular prognosis of breast cancer by transcriptional profiling. Clin Cancer Res, 2007, 13: 2014–22.

43. Masood, S.: Raising the bar: a plea for standardization and quality improvement in the practice of breast pathology. Breast J, 2006, 12: 409–12.

44. Mrhalová, M., Kodet, R.: Indikace k léčbě nemocných s invazivními duktálními karcinomy mléčné žlázy Herceptinem z pohledu laboratorní diagnostiky – vyšetření ERBB-2 proteinu a stanovení počtu kopií ERBB2 genu. Přehled problematiky. Čes-slov Patol, 2002, 38 Suppl 1: 4–14.

45. Mrhalová, M., Kodet, R.: A modified approach for I-FISH evaluation of ERBB2 (HER-2) gene copy numbers in breast carcinomas: comparison with HER-2/CEP17 ratio system. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2007, 133: 321–9.

46. Mrhalová, M., Kodet, R., Kalinová, M., Hilská, I.: Relative quantification of ERBB2 mRNA in invasive duct carcinoma of the breast: correlation with ERBB-2 protein expression and ERBB2 gene copy number. Pathol Res Pract, 2003, 199: 453–61.

47. Plank, L., Kajo, K., Barthová, M., Janáková, L., Kviatkovská, Z.: Centralized HER2 breast carcinoma testing in Slovakia: 5-years experiences with examinations of 8740 cases. Histopathology, 2008, 53: 57–58.

48. Rakha, E. A., Putti, T. C., Abd El-Rehim, D. M. et al.: Morphological and immunophenotypic analysis of breast carcinomas with basal and myoepithelial differentiation. J Pathol, 2006, 208: 495–506.

49. Reese, D. M., Slamon, D. J.: HER-2/neu signal transduction in human breast and ovarian cancer. Stem Cells, 1997, 15: 1–8.

50. Renshaw, A. A., Derhagopian, R. P. , Martinez, P., Gould, E. W.: Lobular neoplasia in breast core needle biopsy specimens is associated with a low risk of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma on subsequent excision. Am J Clin Pathol, 2006, 126: 310–3.

51. Roche, P. C., Suman, V. J., Jenkins, R. B. et al.: Concordance between local and central laboratory HER2 testing in the breast intergroup trial N9831. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2002, 94: 855–7.

52. Salido, M., Tusquets, I., Corominas, J. M. et al.: Polysomy of chromosome 17 in breast cancer tumors showing an overexpression of ERBB2: a study of 175 cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Breast Cancer Res, 2005, 7: R267–73.

53. Schippinger, W., Dandachi, N., Regitnig, P. et al.: The predictive value of EGFR and HER-2/neu in tumor tissue and serum for response to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer . Am J Clin Pathol, 2007, 128: 630–7.

54. Slamon, D. J., Godolphin, W., Jones, L. A. et al.: Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science, 1989, 244: 707–12.

55. Sorlie, T., Perou, C. M., Tibshirani, R. et al.: Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001, 98: 10869–74.

56. Sotiriou, C., Neo, S. Y., McShane, L. M. et al.: Breast cancer classification and prognosis based on gene expression profiles from a population-based study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003, 100: 10393–8.

57. Stark, A., Kapke, A., Schultz, D. et al.: Advanced stages and poorly differentiated grade are associated with an increased risk of HER2/neu positive breast carcinoma only in White women: findings from a prospective cohort study of African-American and White-American women. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2008, 107: 405–14.

58. Striebel, J. M., Bhargava, R., Horbinski, C., Surti, U., Dabbs, D. J.: The equivocally amplified HER2 FISH result on breast core biopsy: indications for further sampling do affect patient management. Am J Clin Pathol, 2008, 129: 383–90.

59. Tamimi, R. M., Baer, H. J., Marotti, J. et al.: Comparison of molecular phenotypes of ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res, 2008, 10: R67.

60. Thomson, T. A., Hayes, M. M., Spinelli, J. J. et al.: HER-2/neu in breast cancer: interobserver variability and performance of immunohistochemistry with 4 antibodies compared with fluorescent in situ hybridization. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 1079–86.

61. Turashvili, G., Bouchal, J., Burkadze, G., Kolar, Z.: Differentiation of tumours of ductal and lobular origin: I. Proteomics of invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinomas. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 2005, 149: 57–62.

62. Turashvili, G., Bouchal, J., Ehrmann, J. et al.: Novel immunohistochemical markers for the differentiation of lobular and ductal invasive breast carcinomas. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 2007, 151: 59–64.

63. van de Vijver, M. J., He, Y. D., van’t Veer, L. J. et al.: A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347: 1999–2009.

64. Varshney, D., Zhou, Y. Y., Geller, S. A., Alsabeh, R.: Determination of HER-2 status and chromosome 17 polysomy in breast carcinomas comparing HercepTest and PathVysion FISH assay. Am J Clin Pathol, 2004, 121: 70–7.

65. Walker, R. A., Bartlett, J. M., Dowsett, M. et al.: HER2 testing in the UK: further update to recommendations. J Clin Pathol, 2008, 61: 818–24.

66. Wang, Y., Klijn, J. G., Zhang, Y. et al.: Gene-expression profiles to predict distant metastasis of lymph-node-negative primary breast cancer. Lancet, 2005, 365: 671–9.

67. Wolff, A. C., Hammond, M. E., Schwartz, J. N. et al.: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2007, 131: 18.

68. Wolff, A. C., Hammond, M. E., Schwartz, J. N. et al.: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25: 118–45.

69. Wood, W. C.: Management of lobular carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Semin Oncol, 1996 , 23: 446–52.

70. Yang, X. R., Sherman, M. E., Rimm, D. L. et al.: Differences in risk factors for breast cancer molecular subtypes in a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2007, 16: 439–43.

71. Yaziji, H., Goldstein, L. C., Barry, T. S. et al.: HER-2 testing in breast cancer using parallel tissue-based methods. JAMA, 2004, 291: 1972–7.