Guidelines for the administration of biological therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: third, updated edition

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84. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch Wet al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(15): 1383– 1395. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa0904492.

85. Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S et al.Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monother­apy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146(2): 392– 400.

86. Nanda KS, Cheifetz AS Moss AC. Impact of antibodies to infliximab on clinical outcomes and serum infliximab levels in patients with inflammatory bowel dis­ease (IBD): a meta‑analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108(1): 40– 47; quiz 48. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2012.363.

87. Yarur AJ, Deshpande AR, Sussman DA et al. Serum adalimumab levels and antibodies correlate with endoscopic intestinal inflammation and inflammatory markers in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2013; 144(5): S774– S775.

88. Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G et al. Effectiveness of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy in suppressing the formation of antibodies to infliximab in Crohn's disease. Gut 2007; 56(9): 1226– 1231.

89. Feagan BG, McDonald JW, Panaccione Ret al. Methotrexate in combination with infliximab is no more effective than infliximab alone in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2014; 146(3): 681– 688. doi: 10.1053/ j.gastro.2013.11.024.

90. Sokol H, Seksik P, Carrat F et al. Usefulness of co‑ treatment with immunomodulators in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance therapy. Gut 2010; 59(10): 1363– 1368. doi: 10.1136/ gut.2010.212712.

91. Osterman MT, Haynes K, Delzell E et al.Effectiveness and safety of immunomodulators with anti‑tumor necrosis factor therapy in Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13(7): 1293– 1301; quiz e70, e72. doi: 10.1016/ j.cgh.2015.02.017.

92. Oussalah A, Chevaux JB, Fay R et al.Predictors of infliximab failure after azathioprine withdrawal in Crohn's disease treated with combination therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(5): 1142– 1149. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2010.158.

93. Drobne D, Bossuyt P, Breynaert C et al. Withdrawal of immunomodulators after co‑ treatment does not reduce trough level of infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13(3): 514– 521. doi: 10.1016/ j.cgh.2014.07.027.

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95. Gisbert JP, Panés J. Loss of response and requirement of infliximab dose intensification in Crohn's disease: a review. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(3): 760– 767. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2008.88.

96. Caspersen S, Elkjaer M, Riis L et al. Infliximab for inflammatory bowel disease in Denmark 1999– 2005: clinical outcome and follow‑up evaluation of malignancy and mortality. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6(11): 1212– 1217; quiz 1176. doi: 10.1016/ j.cgh.2008.05.010.

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98. Vande Casteele N, Ferrante M, Van Assche G et al. Trough concentrations of infliximab guide dosing for patients with inflam­matory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2015; 148(7): 1320– 1329. doi: 10.1053/ j.gastro.2015.02.031.

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101. Mazor Y, Almog R, Kopylov U et al. Adalimumab drug and antibody levels as predictors of clinical and laboratory response in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40(6): 620– 628. doi: 10.1111/ apt.12869.

102. Steenholdt C, Brynskov J, Thomsen O et al. Individualised therapy is more cost‑effective than dose intensification in patients with Crohn's dis­-ease who lose response to anti‑TNF treatment: a randomised, controlled trial. Gut 2014; 63(6): 919– 927. doi: 10.1136/ gutjnl‑ 2013‑ 305279.

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106. Roblin X, Rinaudo M, Del Tedesco E et al. Development of an algorithm incorporating pharmacokinetics of adalimumab in inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109(8): 1250– 1256. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2014.146.

107. Steenholdt C, Molazahi A, Ainsworth MA et al. Outcome after discontinuation of infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission: an observational Danish single center study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47(5): 518– 527. doi: 10.3109/ 00365521.2012.660541.

108. Louis E, Mary JY, Vernier‑ Massouille Get al. Maintenance of remission among patients with Crohn's disease on antimetabolite therapy after infliximab ther­apy is stopped. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 63– 70; quiz e31. doi: 10.1053/ j.gastro.2011.09.034.

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